Drug class, name | ATC | IPF cases | Controls | ||||
New users before IPF# | Ongoing users before IPF¶ | Discontinued after IPF+ | New users before index date# | Ongoing users before index date¶ | Discontinued after index date+ | ||
Combinations of penicillin, including β-lactamase inhibitors | J01CR | 63 (9.7) | 127 (19.5) | 32/86 (37.2) | 76 (1.2) | 158 (2.4) | 94/163 (63.1) |
Glucocorticoids, systemic | H02AB | 56 (8.6) | 223 (34.3) | 33/153 (21.6) | 50 (0.8) | 277 (4.3) | 85/262 (32.4) |
Mucolytics | R05CB | 42 (6.5) | 105 (16.2) | 15/80 (18.8) | 17 (0.3) | 36 (0.6) | n<10 |
Proton pump inhibitors | A02BC | 38 (5.8) | 242 (37.2) | 18/193 (9.3) | 102 (1.6) | 1016 (15.6) | 140/993 (14.1) |
Selective β2-adrenoreceptor agonists | R03AC | 36 (5.5) | 124 (19.1) | 40/97 (41.2) | 35 (0.5) | 341 (5.2) | 75/334 (22.5) |
Loop diuretics | C03CA | 31 (4.8) | 152 (23.4) | 24/108 (22.2) | 58 (0.9) | 543 (8.4) | 48/522 (9.2) |
Potassium | A12BA | 28 (4.3) | 123 (18.9) | 18/85 (21.2) | 71 (1.1) | 506 (7.8) | 53/483 (11.0) |
Adrenergics in combination with corticosteroids or other drugs, excluding anticholinergics | R03AK | 24 (3.7) | 90 (13.8) | 27/71 (38.0) | 21 (0.3) | 295 (4.5) | 21/287 (7.3) |
Macrolides | J01FA | 23 (3.5) | 122 (18.8) | 56/92 (60.9) | 39 (0.6) | 216 (3.3) | 147/208 (70.7) |
Paracetamol | N02BE | 23 (3.5) | 193 (29.7) | 21/144 (14.6) | 155 (2.4) | 1261 (19.4) | 232/1219 (19.0) |
Other immunosuppressants | L04AX | 22 (3.4) | 71 (10.9) | 22/48 (45.8) | n<10 | 62 (1.0) | n<10 |
Fluoroquinolones | J01MA | 21 (3.2) | 45 (6.9) | 16/27 (59.3) | 48 (0.7) | 98 (1.5) | n<10 |
Natural opium alkaloids | N02AA | 20 (3.1) | 49 (7.5) | n<10 | 64 (1.0) | 196 (3.0) | 57/187 (30.5) |
Inhaled anticholinergics | R03BB | 20 (3.1) | 75 (11.5) | 16/53 (30.2) | 27 (0.4) | 224 (3.4) | 20/215 (9.3) |
Penicillins with extended spectrum | J01CA | 18 (2.8) | 76 (11.7) | 26/54 (48.1) | 58 (0.9) | 361 (5.6) | 196/345 (56.8) |
Osmotically acting laxatives | A06AD | 17 (2.6) | 23 (3.5) | n<10 | 43 (0.7) | 143 (2.2) | 40/123 (32.5) |
Adrenergics in combination with anticholinergics | R03AL | 16 (2.5) | 34 (5.2) | n<10 | 22 (0.3) | 68 (1.0) | 14/59 (23.7) |
Opium alkaloids and derivatives | R05DA | 15 (2.3) | 47 (7.2) | 19/36 (52.8) | 31 (0.5) | 142 (2.2) | n<10 |
Bisphosphonates | M05BA | 15 (2.3) | 84 (12.9) | n<10 | 19 (0.3) | 237 (3.6) | n<10 |
Other opioids | N02AX | 14 (2.2) | 71 (10.9) | 18/54 (33.3) | 75 (1.2) | 422 (6.5) | 153/409 (37.4) |
Benzodiazepine-related drugs | N05CF | 14 (2.2) | 73 (11.2) | 13/51 (25.5) | 36 (0.6) | 386 (5.9) | 76/375 (20.3) |
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors | N06AB | 13 (2.0) | 59 (9.1) | n<10 | 22 (0.3) | 388 (6.0) | 46/376 (12.2) |
Aldosterone antagonists | C03DA | 13 (2.0) | 38 (5.8) | n<10 | 15 (0.2) | 157 (2.4) | n<10 |
Platelet aggregation inhibitors | B01AC | 12 (1.8) | 224 (34.5) | 15/168 (8.9) | 62 (1.0) | 1714 (26.4) | 79/1675 (4.7) |
Propulsives | A03FA | 12 (1.8) | 24 (3.7) | n<10 | 18 (0.3) | 57 (0.9) | 30/50 (60.0) |
Statins | C10AA | 12 (1.8) | 235 (36.2) | 13/182 (7.1) | 68 (1.0) | 2018 (31.0) | 87/1991 (4.4) |
Contact laxatives | A06AB | 11 (1.7) | 12 (1.8) | n<10 | 38 (0.6) | 83 (1.3) | 26/74 (35.1) |
Thiazides and potassium in combination | C03AB | 11 (1.7) | 71 (10.9) | 13/54 (24.1) | 36 (0.6) | 765 (11.8) | 85/756 (11.2) |
Corticosteroids and anti-infectives in combination | S01CA | 10 (1.5) | 13 (2.0) | n<10 | 66 (1.0) | 131 (2.0) | 101/131 (77.1) |
Organic nitrates | C01DA | 10 (1.5) | 48 (7.4) | 10/31 (32.3) | 25 (0.4) | 192 (3.0) | 49/185 (26.5) |
Opium cough suppressants and expectorants | R05FA | 10 (1.5) | 28 (4.3) | 16/22 (72.7) | 23 (0.4) | 84 (1.3) | 61/84 (72.6) |
Systemic triazole antifungals | J02AC | 10 (1.5) | 23 (3.5) | n<10 | 20 (0.3) | 51 (0.8) | n<10 |
Vitamin K antagonists | B01AA | 10 (1.5) | 46 (7.1) | n<10 | 27 (0.4) | 378 (5.8) | 19/370 (5.1) |
Imidazole and triazole derivatives | D01AC | 10 (1.5) | 36 (5.5) | 23/29 (79.3) | 60 (0.9) | 228 (3.5) | 129/218 (59.2) |
Glucocorticoids, inhaled | R03BA | 10 (1.5) | 31 (4.8) | 13/26 (50.0) | 16 (0.2) | 158 (2.4) | 30/158 (19.0) |
Data are presented as n (%) or n/N (%). ATC: Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification. #: first ever occurrence of the drug class within 6 months before the index date/diagnosis date. ¶: any occurrence of the drug class within the 6 months before the index date/diagnosis date. +: the absence of any prescriptions of the drug class after the index date/diagnosis date compared to ongoing use; the denominator represents ongoing users who also have a 6-month follow-up after the IPF diagnosis meaning that the denominator varies according to each drug.