Crude OR (95% CI) | Minimally adjusted# OR (95% CI) | Mutually adjusted¶ OR (95% CI) | p-value+ | |
Age years | <0.0001 | |||
35–59 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
60–64 | 1.49 (1.23–1.79) | 1.43 (1.18–1.73) | 1.36 (1.11–1.68) | |
65–69 | 1.97 (1.65–2.34) | 1.85 (1.55–2.20) | 1.62 (1.33–1.97) | |
70–74 | 2.42 (2.04–2.87) | 2.25 (1.89–2.67) | 1.86 (1.54–2.26) | |
75–79 | 2.16 (1.80–2.59) | 1.98 (1.64–2.38) | 1.64 (1.33–2.02) | |
≥80 | 2.33 (1.91–2.84) | 2.09 (1.71–2.56) | 1.70 (1.35–2.14) | |
Sex | 0.2985 | |||
Male | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Female | 0.87 (0.79–0.97) | 0.91 (0.82–1.00) | 0.94 (0.84–1.06) | |
Country of residence | 0.0197 | |||
England | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Wales | 1.62 (0.99–2.65) | 1.71 (1.08–2.71) | 1.83 (1.10–3.03) | |
Quintile of English or Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation | 0.0012 | |||
1 (most deprived) | 0.47 (0.39–0.57) | 0.55 (0.45–0.66) | 0.66 (0.53–0.81) | |
2 | 0.69 (0.57–0.84) | 0.76 (0.62–0.92) | 0.83 (0.68–1.03) | |
3 | 0.73 (0.60–0.88) | 0.78 (0.65–0.95) | 0.83 (0.68–1.02) | |
4 | 0.80 (0.66–0.96) | 0.81 (0.66–0.98) | 0.87 (0.70–1.07) | |
5 (least deprived) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
BMI | 0.0028 | |||
Underweight | 0.54 (0.41–0.73) | 0.57 (0.43–0.77) | 0.61 (0.45–0.85) | |
Healthy | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Overweight | 1.08 (0.92–1.26) | 1.02 (0.86–1.19) | 0.96 (0.81–1.15) | |
Obese | 0.97 (0.82–1.13) | 0.92 (0.79–1.09) | 0.88 (0.74–1.05) | |
Very severely obese | 0.69 (0.52–0.92) | 0.73 (0.54–0.97) | 0.70 (0.50–0.96) | |
No data | 0.74 (0.62–0.88) | 0.72 (0.60–0.86) | 0.76 (0.63–0.92) | |
Location of referral to pulmonary rehabilitation | 0.2702 | |||
Community | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Hospital | 0.89 (0.79–1.01) | 0.90 (0.80–1.02) | 0.93 (0.81–1.06) | |
Programme type | 0.0004 | |||
Cohort | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Rolling | 0.62 (0.51–0.75) | 0.66 (0.55–0.78) | 0.70 (0.57–0.85) | |
Referral to start of pulmonary rehabilitation within 90 days | 1.21 (1.07–1.36) | 1.19 (1.05–1.34) | 1.21 (1.06–1.38) | 0.0051 |
Smoking status | <0.0001 | |||
Current smoker | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Ex-smoker | 2.20 (1.95–2.49) | 1.87 (1.64–2.13) | 1.92 (1.66–2.21) | |
Never-smoker | 2.62 (2.05–3.34) | 2.13 (1.65–2.74) | 2.15 (1.63–2.82) | |
Patient receiving oxygen therapy at home at the time of initial assessment | 0.84 (0.69–1.02) | 0.80 (0.65–0.98) | 0.87 (0.69–1.09) | 0.2231 |
GOLD stage | 0.0362 | |||
1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
2 | 0.81 (0.65–1.01) | 0.79 (0.63–0.98) | 0.75 (0.59–0.96) | |
3 | 0.79 (0.63–1.00) | 0.76 (0.60–0.96) | 0.73 (0.56–0.94) | |
4 | 0.66 (0.49–0.88) | 0.67 (0.50–0.90) | 0.73 (0.52–1.02) | |
No data | 0.68 (0.55–0.85) | 0.65 (0.52–0.82) | 0.67 (0.52–0.86) | |
MRC grade | <0.0001 | |||
1 or 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
3 | 0.69 (0.58–0.81) | 0.71 (0.60–0.84) | 0.73 (0.61–0.88) | |
4 | 0.54 (0.46–0.64) | 0.57 (0.48–0.68) | 0.60 (0.50–0.73) | |
5 | 0.37 (0.30–0.47) | 0.40 (0.32–0.51) | 0.45 (0.34–0.58) | |
No data | 0.54 (0.41–0.71) | 0.57 (0.44–0.75) | 0.71 (0.52–0.96) | |
Any of ISWT, ESWT or 6MWT | 4.92 (3.75–6.44) | 4.85 (3.69–6.37) | 3.43 (2.55–4.63) | <0.0001 |
Any of SGRQ, CRQ or CAT | 3.93 (3.17–4.89) | 3.74 (3.00–4.67) | 2.97 (2.33–3.79) | <0.0001 |
BMI: body mass index; GOLD: Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; MRC: Medical Research Council; ISWT: incremental shuttle walk test; ESWT: endurance shuttle walk test; 6MWT: 6-min walk test; SGRQ: St George's Respiratory Questionnaire; CRQ: Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire; CAT: COPD Assessment Test. #: adjusted for age, sex and deprivation; ¶: adjusted for all variables shown; +: likelihood ratio test.