Syndromic diagnosis | Patients n | Systemic corticosteroids | Inhaled corticosteroids | Long-acting bronchodilators | Short-acting β-agonist | Antibiotics | Antituberculosis | Diuretics |
All facilities | ||||||||
Fixed airflow limitation (COPD) without eosinophilia | 115 | 47 (40.9) | 30 (26.1) | 48 (41.8) | 17 (14.8) | 75 (6.2) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (4.4) |
Fixed airflow limitation (COPD) with eosinophilia | 83 | 29 (34.9) | 25 (30.1) | 37 (44.6) | 10 (12.1) | 44 (53.0) | 2 (2.4) | 5 (6.0) |
Reversible airflow limitation (asthma) | 26 | 8 (30.8) | 5 (19.2) | 7 (26.9) | 1 (3.9) | 16 (61.5) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (11.5) |
Other airflow limitation# | 39 | 7 (18.0) | 7 (18.0) | 8 (20.5) | 2 (5.1) | 20 (51.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Lower respiratory tract infection | 82 | 31 (37.8) | 19 (23.2) | 23 (28.1) | 1 (1.2) | 52 (63.4) | 1 (1.22) | 7 (8.5) |
Tuberculosis | 14 | 1 (7.1) | 1 (7.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (42.9) | 3 (21.4) | 0 (0.0) |
Heart failure | 46 | 21 (45.7) | 11 (23.9) | 15 (32.6) | 7 (15.2) | 32 (70.0) | 0 (0.0) | 12 (26.1) |
Upper respiratory tract infection, common cold¶ | 160 | 50 (31.3) | 18 (11.3) | 28 (17.5) | 8 (5.0) | 104 (65.0) | 2 (1.3) | 0 (0.0) |
None of above syndromes¶,+ | 470 | 113 (24.0) | 62 (13.2) | 91 (19.4) | 24 (5.1) | 271 (57.7) | 4 (0.9) | 21 (4.5) |
Overall | 977 | 283 (29.0) | 161 (16.5) | 235 (24.1) | 66 (6.8) | 586 (60.0) | 10 (1.0) | 49 (5.0) |
Central/provincial healthcare facilities | ||||||||
Fixed airflow limitation (COPD) without eosinophilia | 55 | 28 (50.9) | 24 (43.6) | 26 (47.3) | 6 (10.9) | 37 (67.3) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (5.5) |
Fixed airflow limitation (COPD) with eosinophilia | 37 | 18 (48.7) | 18 (48.7) | 18 (48.7) | 5 (13.5) | 20 (54.1) | 1 (2.7) | 2 (5.4) |
Reversible airflow limitation (asthma) | 10 | 4 (40.0) | 2 (20.0) | 2 (20.0) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (70.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (30.0) |
Other airflow limitation# | 16 | 2 (12.5) | 6 (37.5) | 5 (31.3) | 1 (6.3) | 7 (43.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Lower respiratory tract infection | 68 | 26 (38.2) | 18 (26.5) | 20 (29.4) | 1 (1.5) | 41 (60.3) | 1 (1.5) | 5 (7.4) |
Tuberculosis | 14 | 1 (7.1) | 1 (7.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (42.9) | 3 (21.4) | 0 (0.0) |
Heart failure | 36 | 16 (44.4) | 10 (27.8) | 14 (38.9) | 6 (16.7) | 24 (66.7) | 0 (0.0) | 11 (30.6) |
Upper respiratory tract infection, common cold¶ | 71 | 23 (32.4) | 14 (19.7) | 17 (23.9) | 6 (8.5) | 42 (59.2) | 2 (2.8) | 0 (0.0) |
None of above syndromes¶,+ | 220 | 51 (23.2) | 54 (24.6) | 58 (26.4) | 20 (9.1) | 121 (55.0) | 3 (1.4) | 13 (5.9) |
Overall | 487 | 151 (31.0) | 134 (27.5) | 145 (29.8) | 41 (8.4) | 283 (58.1) | 8 (1.6) | 33 (6.8) |
District healthcare facilities | ||||||||
Fixed airflow limitation (COPD) without eosinophilia | 46 | 14 (30.4) | 6 (13.0) | 22 (47.8) | 10 (21.7) | 27 (58.7) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (4.4) |
Fixed airflow limitation (COPD) with eosinophilia | 37 | 11 (29.7) | 7 (18.9) | 19 (51.4) | 5 (13.5) | 19 (51.4) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (8.1) |
Reversible airflow limitation (asthma) | 13 | 4 (30.8) | 3 (23.1) | 5 (38.5) | 1 (7.7) | 9 (69.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Other airflow limitation# | 20 | 4 (20.0) | 1 (5.0) | 3 (15.0) | 1 (5.0) | 11 (55.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Lower respiratory tract infection | 14 | 5 (35.7) | 1 (7.1) | 3 (21.4) | 0 (0.0) | 11 (78.6) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (14.3) |
Tuberculosis | 0 | |||||||
Heart failure | 10 | 5 (50.0) | 1 (10.0) | 1 (10.0) | 1 (10.0) | 8 (80.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (10.0) |
Upper respiratory tract infection, common cold¶ | 78 | 25 (32.1) | 4 (5.1) | 11 (14.1) | 1 (1.3) | 55 (70.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
None of above syndromes¶,+ | 203 | 48 (23.7) | 8 (3.9) | 33 (16.3) | 4 (2.0) | 120 (59.1) | 1 (0.5) | 8 (3.9) |
Overall | 405 | 110 (27.2) | 27 (6.7) | 90 (22.2) | 23 (5.7) | 248 (61.2) | 1 (0.3) | 16 (4.0) |
Commune healthcare facilities | ||||||||
Fixed airflow limitation (COPD) without eosinophilia | 14 | 5 (35.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (7.1) | 11 (78.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Fixed airflow limitation (COPD) with eosinophilia | 9 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (55.6) | 1 (11.1) | () |
Reversible airflow limitation (asthma) | 3 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Other airflow limitation# | 3 | 1 (33.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (66.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Lower respiratory tract infection | 0 | |||||||
Tuberculosis | 0 | |||||||
Heart failure | 0 | |||||||
Upper respiratory tract infection, common cold¶ | 11 | 2 (18.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (9.1) | 7 (63.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
None of above syndromes¶,+ | 47 | 14 (29.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 30 (63.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Overall | 85 | 22 (25.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.4) | 55 (64.7) | 1 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) |
Data are presented as n (%) unless otherwise stated. #: airflow limitation on initial spirometry without measure of post-bronchodilator spirometry; ¶: includes patients without chest radiograph, spirometry or both; +: with none of the other syndromes.