Main characteristics of the study population according to presence or absence of chronic airway diseases
| Participants | Total population | No chronic airway diseases | Chronic airway diseases | p-value |
| Subjects n | 5082 | 3836 | 1246 | |
| Age years | 69.0±8.8 | 68.6±8.5 | 70.1±9.1 | <0.001 |
| Age groups | <0.001 | |||
| <70 years | 2873 (56.5) | 2234 (58.2) | 639 (51.3) | |
| ≥70 years | 2209 (43.5) | 1602 (41.8) | 607 (48.7) | |
| Sex | <0.001 | |||
| Male | 2219 (43.7) | 1620 (42.2) | 599 (48.1) | |
| Female | 2863 (56.3) | 2216 (58.8) | 647 (51.9) | |
| BMI kg·m−2 | 27.5±4.2 | 27.5±4.1 | 27.2±4.4 | 0.061 |
| Overweight | 2446 (48.1) | 1897 (49.4) | 549 (44.1) | <0.0029 |
| Obese | 1168 (23.0) | 882 (23.0) | 286 (22.9) | |
| Smoking | <0.05 | |||
| Never | 1717 (33.8) | 1436 (37.4) | 281 (22.5) | |
| Past | 2749 (54.1) | 2041 (53.2) | 708 (56.8) | |
| Current | 616 (12.1) | 359 (9.4) | 257 (20.6) | |
| Lung function | ||||
| FEV1/FVC % | 76.0±7.7 | 78.8±4.6 | 67.5±8.9 | <0.001 |
| FVC predicted % | 99.5±14.6 | 101.5±13.3 | 93.3±16.5 | <0.001 |
| FEV1 predicted % | 98.5±17.8 | 103.7±13.9 | 82.5±19.1 | <0.001 |
| Total body fat % | ||||
| Male | 31.0±5.5 | 30.9±5.3 | 31.2±6.1 | 0.292 |
| Female | 40.1±6.1 | 40.1±6.0 | 39.9±6.5 | 0.595 |
| HGS kg | ||||
| Male | 37.1±8.8 | 37.4±8.6 | 36.2±9.2 | <0.05 |
| Female | 22.1±5.7 | 22.3±5.7 | 21.5±6.0 | <0.05 |
| ASMI kg·m−2 | ||||
| Male | 8.3±0.9 | 8.4±0.9 | 8.0±0.9 | <0.001 |
| Female | 6.9±0.9 | 6.9±0.8 | 6.8±0.9 | <0.05 |
| Walking speed# m·s−1 | 1.2 (1.1–1.3) | 1.2 (1.1–1.4) | 1.2 (1.1–1.3) | |
| PA MET# h·week−2 | 42.6 (17.3–81.3) | 44.5 (18.0–83.9) | 36.8 (15.0–73.7) | |
| Protein intake# % | 15.7±2.9 | 15.7±2.8 | 15.5±3.0 | |
| OCS# | <0.001 | |||
| Never | 3364 (66.2) | 2749 (71.7) | 615 (49.3) | |
| Past | 1592 (31.3) | 1029 (26.8) | 563 (45.2) | |
| Current | 126 (2.5) | 58 (1.5) | 68 (5.5) | |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Type 2 diabetes | 699 (13.8) | 489 (12.7) | 210 (16.8) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 3656 (71.9) | 2715 (70.8) | 941 (75.5) | <0.05 |
| Cancer | 524 (10.3) | 389 (10.1) | 135 (10.8) | 0.484 |
| CHD | 434 (8.5) | 286 (7.5) | 148 (11.9) | <0.001 |
| Sarcopenia status | ||||
| Probable sarcopenia | 506 (10.0) | 356 (9.3) | 150 (12.0) | <0.001 |
| Confirmed sarcopenia | 82 (1.6) | 46 (1.2) | 36 (3.0) | |
Data are presented as mean±sd, n (%) or median (interquartile range), unless otherwise stated. BMI: body mass index (overweight: BMI 25–30 kg·m−2, obese: BMI ≥30 kg·m−2); FEV1/FVC: forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity ratio; HGS: handgrip strength; ASMI: appendicular skeletal muscle mass index; PA: physical activity; MET: metabolic equivalent of task; OCS: oral corticosteroids use; CHD: coronary heart diseases. #: n (%) of missing values per variable. Walking speed: 1428 (28.1); physical activity: 601 (11.8); protein intake: 1041 (20.5); diabetes mellitus: 92 (1.8); hypertension: 1 (0.0); CHD: 53 (1.0). Original data without imputations.