Itemised resource use and unit costs for COPD therapy and exacerbations
| Cost category | Resource use (per annum/per exacerbation)# | Unit cost (2017)¶ | Overall cost (per annum/per exacerbation) |
| Moderate COPD | |||
| Outpatient visit, respiratory physician | 0.00 | £149.35 | £0.00 |
| Outpatient visit, GP | 2.00 | £36.68 | £73.37 |
| Spirometry | 2.00 | £61.57 | £123.15 |
| Influenza vaccination | 0.75 | £9.05 | £6.79 |
| Oxygen therapy (days) | 0.00 | £16.98 | £0.00 |
| Total cost of moderate COPD (per annum) | £203.30 | ||
| Severe COPD | |||
| Outpatient visit, respiratory physician | 2.00 | £149.35 | £298.71 |
| Outpatient visit, GP | 0.00 | £36.68 | £0.00 |
| Spirometry | 2.00 | £61.57 | £123.15 |
| Influenza vaccination | 0.75 | £9.05 | £6.79 |
| Oxygen therapy (days) | 14.60 | £16.98 | £247.86 |
| Total cost of severe COPD (per annum) | £676.51 | ||
| Very severe COPD | |||
| Outpatient visit, respiratory physician | 4.00 | £149.35 | £597.42 |
| Outpatient visit, GP | 0.00 | £36.68 | £0.00 |
| Spirometry | 4.00 | £61.57 | £246.29 |
| Influenza vaccination | 0.75 | £9.05 | £6.79 |
| Oxygen therapy (days) | 73.00 | £16.98 | £1239.32 |
| Total cost of very severe COPD (per annum) | £2089.82 | ||
| Moderate exacerbation | |||
| ICU days | 0.00 | £1341.52 | £0.00 |
| Non-ICU days | 1.01 | £436.97 | £441.34 |
| ER visits | 0.03 | £200.94 | £6.03 |
| Outpatient visit, respiratory physician | 0.34 | £149.35 | £50.78 |
| Outpatient visit, GP | 0.66 | £36.68 | £24.21 |
| Visit other HCP | 0.27 | £98.52 | £26.60 |
| Antibiotics¶ | 7.94 | £0.28 | £2.21 |
| Systemic steroids¶ | 7.94 | £0.27 | £2.11 |
| Oxygen therapy | 0.00 | £16.98 | £0.00 |
| Total cost per moderate exacerbation | £553.28 | ||
| Severe exacerbation | |||
| ICU days | 0.86 | £1341.52 | £1153.71 |
| Non-ICU days | 11.08 | £436.97 | £4841.63 |
| ER visits | 0.25 | £200.94 | £50.24 |
| Outpatient visit, respiratory physician | 0.82 | £149.35 | £122.47 |
| Outpatient visit, GP | 0.70 | £36.68 | £25.68 |
| Visit other HCP | 0.50 | £98.52 | £49.26 |
| Antibiotics¶ | 11.75 | £0.56 | £6.55 |
| Systemic steroids¶ | 24.08 | £0.27 | £6.40 |
| Oxygen therapy | 0.21 | £16.98 | £3.57 |
| Total cost per severe exacerbation | £6259.49 | ||
| Cost per pneumonia event | £6533.07 | ||
Unit costs come from Oostenbrink et al. [14], National Health Service Reference Costs 2015/16 [15] and PSSRU, 2016 [16]. GP: general practitioner; ICU: intensive care unit; ER: emergency room; HCP: healthcare professional; PSSRU: Personal Social Services Research Unit. #: Resource use estimates were based on Oostenbrink et al., 2005 [14]; ¶: unit cost represents the cost per day or visit, or per category.