Demographic data and baseline characteristics of the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients who completed the study
| Control | Intervention | p-value# | |
| Subjects | 22 | 22 | |
| Demographics | |||
| Age years | 70±9 | 75±6 | 0.04* |
| Sex | 0.53 | ||
| Male | 13 (59) | 15 (68) | |
| Female | 9 (41) | 7 (32) | |
| Active smoker | 10 (45) | 5 (23) | 0.20 |
| Ex-smoker | 12 (55) | 17 (77) | |
| Smoking history pack-years | 39 (24–59) | 45 (28–93) | 0.41 |
| Exacerbation within last year | 1 (0–2) | 0 (0–1) | 0.21 |
| Hospitalisation due to exacerbations within last year | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–0) | 0.03* |
| Medications | |||
| SABA | 15 (68) | 15 (68) | 0.81 |
| LABA | 15 (68) | 9 (41) | 0.09 |
| SAMA | 0 | 0 | |
| LAMA | 16 (73) | 8 (36) | 0.02* |
| ICS | 12 (54) | 7 (32) | 0.16 |
| Nonrespiratory medications | 17 (77) | 20 (91) | 0.09 |
| Diabetes | 0 | 0 | |
| Pulmonary function | |||
| FEV1 L | 1.2 (1–2) | 1.6 (1–2) | 0.27 |
| FEV1 % pred | 52±19 | 59±22 | 0.18 |
| FEV1/FVC % | 54±12 | 53±13 | 0.90 |
| Anthropometric measurements | |||
| Weight kg | 68±13 | 75±16 | 0.12 |
| Waist circumference cm | 92±14 | 96±15 | 0.46 |
| Hip circumference cm | 98±9 | 104±11 | 0.04* |
| Mid-thigh circumference cm | 56±8 | 59±6 | 0.16 |
| Body composition | |||
| Fat mass kg | 24±7 | 26±6 | 0.50 |
| BMI kg·m−2 | 23±4 | 24±4 | 0.36 |
| Fat-free mass kg | 43±10 | 49±13 | 0.12 |
| FFMI kg·m−2 | 15±3 | 16±3 | 0.17 |
| Functional outcomes | |||
| ISWT m | 265±133 | 269±130 | 0.92 |
| mMRC grade | 3 (2–3) | 3 (2–3) | 0.87 |
| Right handgrip kg | 26±19 | 30±10 | 0.15 |
| Left handgrip kg | 25±9 | 29±9 | 0.16 |
| STS5 s | 11 (7–13) | 10 (9–12) | 0.94 |
| Questionnaires | |||
| CAT score | 20±8 | 18±6 | 0.37 |
| Anxiety (HADS) score | 6 (4–9) | 4 (3–10) | 0.42 |
| Depression (HADS) score | 6±3 | 5±3 | 0.19 |
| SGRQ total score | 52±17 | 41±13 | 0.02* |
| SGRQ symptoms score | 63±23 | 52±21 | 0.14 |
| SGRQ activity score | 57 (57–86) | 57 (53–69) | 0.03* |
| SGRQ impact score | 38±19 | 27±12 | 0.03* |
| MUST score | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–0) | 0.50 |
| Physical activity steps·day−1 | 2663 (1947–4912) | 4297 (1726–7211) | 0.33 |
Data are presented as n, mean±sd, n (%) or median (interquartile range), unless otherwise stated. SABA: short-acting β-agonist; LABA: long-acting β-agonist; SAMA: short-acting muscarinic antagonist; LAMA: long-acting muscarinic antagonist; ICS: inhaled corticosteroid; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC: forced vital capacity; BMI: body mass index; FFMI: fat-free mass index; ISWT: incremental shuttle walk test; mMRC: modified Medical Research Council; STS5: five-repetition sit-to-stand test; CAT: COPD Assessment Test; HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; SGRQ: St George's Respiratory Questionnaire; MUST: Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool. #: p-values were calculated using the Chi-squared, paired t-test for normally distributed data and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for nonnormally distributed data, and represent a comparison between the control and intervention groups. *: p<0.05.