Prevalence of various treatable traits (TTs) at baseline by Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) severity status
| TT | COPD | Non-COPD (n=3320) | p-value# | ||||
| Mild (n=129) | Moderate (n=172) | Severe (n=74) | Very severe (n=31) | Overall (n=406) | |||
| Pulmonary | |||||||
| Airflow limitation | 129 (100) | 172 (100) | 74 (100) | 31 (100) | 406 (100) | 462 (13.9) | <0.001 |
| Breathlessness | 61 (47.3) | 102 (59.3) | 50 (67.6) | 16 (51.6) | 229 (56.4) | 789 (23.8) | <0.001 |
| Chronic bronchitis | 4 (3.1) | 26 (15.1) | 9 (12.2) | 4 (12.9) | 43 (10.6) | 49 (1.5) | <0.001 |
| Chronic sputum production | 29 (22.5) | 59 (34.3) | 22 (29.7) | 10 (32.2) | 120 (29.6) | 221 (6.7) | <0.001 |
| Frequent chest infections | 10 (7.8) | 24 (14.0) | 10 (13.5) | 2 (6.5) | 46 (11.3) | 237 (7.1) | 0.003 |
| Extra-pulmonary | |||||||
| Osteoporosis | 6 (4.7) | 13 (7.6) | 9 (12.2) | 2 (6.5) | 30 (7.4) | 149 (4.5) | 0.010 |
| CVD | 23 (17.8) | 43 (25) | 18 (24.3) | 8 (25.8) | 92 (22.7) | 742 (22.3) | 0.747 |
| Arthritis | 52 (40.3) | 76 (44.2) | 30 (40.5) | 10 (32.3) | 168 (41.4) | 1130 (34) | 0.003 |
| Diabetes | 5 (3.9) | 14 (8.1) | 6 (8.1) | 1 (3.2) | 26 (6.4) | 211 (6.4) | 0.970 |
| Cancer | 8 (6.2) | 15 (8.7) | 5 (6.8) | 1 (3.2) | 29 (7.1) | 225 (6.8) | 0.783 |
| Psychiatric problems | 11 (8.5) | 8 (4.7) | 2 (2.7) | 0 (0.0) | 21 (5.2) | 167 (5.0) | 0.902 |
| Depression | 26 (20.2) | 51 (29.7) | 19 (25.7) | 8 (25.8) | 104 (25.6) | 576 (17.3) | <0.001 |
| Underweight | 1 (0.8) | 2 (1.2) | 1 (1.4) | 1 (3.2) | 5 (1.2) | 26 (0.8) | 0.202 |
| Obesity | 36 (27.9) | 45 (26.2) | 26 (35.1) | 8 (25.8) | 115 (28.3) | 912 (27.5) | 0.765 |
| Sarcopenia | 6 (4.7) | 14 (8.1) | 6 (8.1) | 2 (6.5) | 29 (7.1) | 157 (4.7) | 0.035 |
| Systemic inflammation | 44 (34.1) | 79 (45.9) | 35 (47.3) | 11 (35.5) | 168 (41.4) | 985 (29.7) | <0.001 |
| Anaemia | 8 (6.2) | 16 (9.3) | 5 (6.8) | 2 (6.5) | 31 (7.6) | 223 (6.7) | 0.473 |
| Disability | 77 (59.7) | 131 (76.2) | 58 (78.4) | 22 (71.0) | 288 (70.9) | 1674 (50.4) | <0.001 |
| Behavioural/lifestyle | |||||||
| Current smoking | 33 (25.6) | 73 (42.4) | 27 (36.5) | 13 (41.9) | 146 (36.0) | 458 (13.8) | <0.001 |
| Physical inactivity | 3 (2.3) | 12 (7.0) | 10 (13.5) | 0 (0.0) | 25 (6.2) | 118 (3.6) | 0.010 |
| Poor family and social support | 27 (20.9) | 37 (21.5) | 14 (18.9) | 8 (25.8) | 86 (21.2) | 574 (17.3) | 0.039 |
Data are presented as n (%). p-Values in bold are statistically significant. COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CVD: cardiovascular disease. #: COPD (overall) versus non-COPD.