Additional outcome measures for the subgroup of 26 patients with severe/critical coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) following pulmonary rehabilitation (PR)
| Pre-PR | Post-PR | Change | p-value | |
| Fried frailty index | ||||
| Non-frail | 0 (0) | 3 (12) | −3 (−12) | <0.001 |
| Pre-frail | 8 (31) | 16 (62) | 8 (31) | 0.060 |
| Frail | 18 (69) | 7 (27) | −11 (−42) | 0.060 |
| ESWT | ||||
| Distance m | 430 (195–758) | 980 (390–1385) | 550 (50–725) | <0.001 |
| Time s | 460 (217–625) | 1200 (312–1200) | 740 (143–789) | 0.0001 |
| Baseline SpO2 % | 97 (95–97) | 97 (96–98) | 0 (−1–2.5) | 0.021 |
| Isotime SpO2 % | 94 (87–96) | 95 (91–96) | 1 (−1–3) | 0.053 |
| SpO2 <90% | 9 (35) | 7 (27) | −2 (−8) | <0.001 |
| Duration to ESWT SpO2 <90% s | 50 (18–122) | 163 (32–276) | 113 (13–262) | 0.028 |
| SpO2 <85% | 5 (19) | 1 (4) | −4 (15) | <0.001 |
| Duration to ESWT SpO2 <85% s | 89 (62–199) | 319 (319–319) | 230 (NA) | |
| Baseline HR beats·min−1 | 86 (77–98) | 85 (75–95) | −1 (−8–4) | 0.35 |
| Isotime HR beats·min−1 | 114 (99–126) | 108 (97–119) | −6 (−12–5) | 0.52 |
| Baseline breathing frequency breaths·min−1 | 24 (18–30) | 19 (15–25) | −5 (−5–0) | 0.001 |
| Isotime breathing frequency breaths·min−1 | 50 (42–56) | 45 (37–55) | −5 (−5–0) | 0.005 |
| Muscle function | ||||
| Handgrip strength kg | 25 (18–35) | 30 (20–39) | 5 (3–7) | 0.002 |
| Peak quadriceps strength % pred | 78.4 (48.6–98.1) | 99.6 (68.4–103.3) | 21.2 (5.7–31.0) | 0.008 |
| Five-rep STST s | 13.3 (10.5–15.5) | 10.3 (8.5–13.2) | −3.0 (−4.3–0.3) | 0.001 |
| Psychological distress and (cognitive) impairment | ||||
| PHQ-9 score | 7 (4–12) | 4 (2–10) | −3 (−4–0) | 0.002 |
| Signs of at least mild depression according to PHQ-9 score ≥5 | 15 (58) | 9 (35) | −6 (−23) | 0.031 |
| GAD-7 score | 4 (2–8) | 5 (1–7) | 1 (0–2) | 0.021 |
| Signs of at least mild anxiety according to GAD-7 score ≥5 | 10 (38) | 10 (38) | 0 (0) | 1.00 |
| MoCA score | 25 (23–28) | 28 (25–28) | 3 (1–3) | 0.038 |
| Cognitive impairment according to MoCA score <26 | 12 (46) | 6 (23) | −6 (−23) | 0.005 |
| mMRC score | 2 (2–2) | 2 (1–2) | 0 (−1–0) | 0.003 |
| mMRC score ≥1 | 24 (92) | 23 (88) | −1 (−4) | 1.00 |
| mMRC score ≥2 | 20 (77) | 14 (54) | −6 (−23) | 0.031 |
Data are presented as n (%) or median (interquartile range), unless otherwise stated. Bold type represents statistical significance (p<0.05). ESWT: endurance shuttle walk test; SpO2: oxygen saturation; HR: heart rate; STST: sit-to-stand test; PHQ-9: nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (depression); GAD-7: Generalised Anxiety Disorder scale; MoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment; mMRC: modified Medical Research Council dyspnoea scale.