Treatable traits (TTs) associated with decline in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1)
| TT | COPD | Non-COPD | ||||
| Unadjusted | Model 1# | Model 2¶ | Unadjusted | Model 1+ | Model 2§ | |
| Airflow limitation | 3.046 (2.825–3.268) | 2.957 (2.736–3.178) | 2.976 (2.760–3.193)*** | 1.821 (1.645–1.997) | 2.046 (1.823–2.268) | 2.018 (1.798–2.238)*** |
| Chronic bronchitis | −0.243 (−0.387 to −0.100) | −0.172 (−0.273 to −0.070) | −0.186 (−0.290 to −0.082)*** | −0.257 (−0.412 to −0.103) | −0.097 (−0.213 to 0.019) | – |
| Chronic sputum production | −0.031 (−0.144 to 0.082) | – | – | −0.046 (−0.125 to 0.032) | – | – |
| Breathlessness | −0.304 (−0.416 to −0.192) | −0.076 (−0.147 to −0.005) | −0.093 (−0.164 to −0.022)* | −0.360 (−0.406 to −0.314) | −0.112 (−0.146 to −0.078) | −0.112 (−0.144 to −0.080)*** |
| Frequent chest infections | −0.043 (−0.188 to 0.103) | – | – | −0.063 (−0.131 to 0.006) | −0.031 (−0.082 to 0.020) | – |
| Osteoporosis | −0.383 (−0.540 to −0.226) | −0.056 (−0.182 to 0.069) | – | −0.492 (−0.571 to −0.413) | −0.039 (−0.037 to 0.115) | – |
| CVD | −0.024 (−0.129 to 0.080) | – | – | −0.111 (−0.155 to −0.068) | 0.012 (−0.018 to 0.042) | – |
| Arthritis | −0.072 (−0.180 to 0.035) | – | – | −0.248 (−0.295 to −0.200) | 0.046 (0.014–0.079) | 0.039 (0.007–0.071)* |
| Diabetes | −0.135 (−0.306 to 0.036) | – | – | −0.141 (−0.228 to −0.053) | −0.078 (−0.142 to −0.015) | −0.082 (−0.144 to −0.020)** |
| Cancer | 0.062 (−0.153 to 0.276) | – | – | −0.165 (−0.245 to −0.084) | −0.006 (−0.067 to 0.055) | – |
| Psychiatric problems | 0.196 (−0.028 to 0.420) | −0.066 (−0.240 to 0.107) | – | 0.102 (−0.010 to 0.214) | 0.011 (−0.057 to 0.078) | – |
| Depression | −0.149 (−0.263 to −0.036) | 0.007 (−0.066 to 0.080) | – | −0.232 (−0.285 to −0.178) | −0.019 (−0.052 to 0.015) | – |
| Underweight | −0.682 (−0.947 to −0.417) | −0.207 (−0.370 to −0.043) | −0.216 (−0.373 to −0.058)** | −0.174 (−0.470 to 0.123) | – | – |
| Obesity | −0.051 (−0.162 to 0.060) | – | – | −0.140 (−0.190 to −0.091) | −0.110 (−0.145 to −0.074) | −0.104 (−0.139 to −0.069)*** |
| Sarcopenia | −0.402 (−0.537 to −0.267) | −0.137 (−0.240 to −0.034) | −0.162 (−0.262 to −0.061)** | −0.555 (−0.634 to −0.476) | −0.120 (−0.177 to −0.063) | −0.114 (−0.167 to −0.060)*** |
| Systemic inflammation | −0.061 (−0.171 to 0.050) | – | – | −0.272 (−0.323 to −0.221) | −0.076 (−0.108 to −0.044) | −0.081 (−0.112 to −0.050)*** |
| Anaemia | −0.001 (−0.167 to 0.170) | – | – | 0.049 (−0.037 to 0.135) | – | – |
| Disability | −0.244 (−0.344 to −0.143) | −0.038 (−0.100 to 0.024) | – | −0.277 (−0.318 to −0.235) | −0.031 (−0.062 to −0.001) | −0.036 (−0.064 to −0.009)* |
| Current smoking | −0.092 (−0.201 to 0.017) | −0.218 (−0.294 to −0.142) | −0.228 (−0.304 to −0.153)*** | −0.213 (−0.280 to −0.145) | −0.192 (−0.246 to −0.138) | −0.202 (−0.254 to −0.150)*** |
| Physical inactivity | −0.273 (−0.448 to −0.097) | −0.085 (−0.197 to 0.026) | – | −0.344 (−0.440 to −0.248) | −0.108 (−0.185 to −0.030) | −0.096 (−0.169 to −0.023)* |
| Poor family and social support | 0.093 (−0.034 to 0.220) | – | – | 0.024 (−0.036 to 0.085) | – | – |
Data are presented as β (95% CI). Values in bold are statistically significant. COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CVD: cardiovascular disease; CI: confidence interval. #: adjusted for sex, age, marital status, socioeconomic class and TTs (p<0.1) from the univariate analyses; ¶: adjusted for sex, age and TTs (p<0.1) from the multivariate analyses; +: adjusted for sex, age, marital status, ethnicity, socioeconomic class and TTs (p<0.1) from the univariate analyses; §: adjusted for sex, age, marital status, ethnicity, socioeconomic class and TTs (p<0.1) from the multivariate analyses. *: p<0.05; **: p<0.01; ***: p<0.001.