List of potential treatable traits (TTs) identified from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) cohort
| TT | Diagnostic criteria |
| Pulmonary | |
| Airflow limitation | FEV1/FVC <0.7 |
| Chronic bronchitis | Physician diagnosis/self-report# |
| Chronic sputum production | Sputum with coughing (≥3 months·year−1) |
| Breathlessness | mMRC dyspnoea scale |
| Frequent chest infections | Self-report |
| Extra-pulmonary | |
| Osteoporosis | Physician diagnosis/self-report |
| CVD¶ | Physician diagnosis/self-report |
| Arthritis | Physician diagnosis/self-report |
| Diabetes | Physician diagnosis/self-report |
| Cancer+ | Physician diagnosis/self-report |
| Psychiatric problems§ | Physician diagnosis/self-report |
| Depression | CES-D scale |
| Underweight | BMI <18.5 kg·m−2 |
| Obesity | BMI ≥30 kg·m−2 |
| Sarcopenia | Handgrip strength <27 kg (males) and <16 kg (females) |
| Systemic inflammation | CRP >3 mg·L−1 |
| Anaemia | Hb <140 g·L−1 (men) or <120 g·L−1 (women) |
| Disability | Self-reported limitations in basic ADL and IADL |
| Behavioural traits/lifestyle-risk factors | |
| Current smoking | Interview/self-report |
| Physical inactivityƒ | Interview/self-report |
| Poor family and social support | Interview/self-report |
FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC: forced vital capacity; mMRC: modified Medical Research Council; CVD: cardiovascular disease; CES-D: Centre for Epidemiological Studies-Depression; BMI: body mass index; CRP: C-reactive protein; Hb: haemoglobin; ADL: activities of daily living; IADL: instrumental activities of daily living. #: self-reported by the participants; ¶: including high blood pressure (BP), angina, myocardial infarction, heart attack, high cholesterol, congestive heart failure, stroke and heart murmur or abnormal heart rhythm; +: including cancers of the lung and breast, as well as colorectal cancers, lymphoma, leukaemia and melanoma; §: including hallucinations, anxiety, emotional problems, schizophrenia, psychosis, mood swings and bipolar disorder; ƒ: no mild, moderate or vigorous activity per week.