Mean changes in 6-min walk test (6MWT) distance and secondary outcomes
| Outcome measure | Baseline values | Change from baseline to 24 weeks | Adjusted mean difference at week 24 | Change from baseline to 1 year | Adjusted mean difference at 1 year | |||||
| Tai Chi | UC | Tai Chi | UC | Effect size | Tai Chi | UC | Effect size | |||
| 6MWT distance m | 324.7±123.4 | 369.7±104.7 | 6.8±53.3 | −5.1±41.2 | 0.25 (−0.24–0.73) | 3.2 (−21.1–27.4) | ||||
| CRQ dyspnoea | 4.97±1.38 | 5.67±1.01 | 0.06±1.1 | −0.12±1.06 | 0.17 (−0.31–0.64) | −0.17 (−0.66–0.32) | −0.16±1.13 | −0.31±1.12 | 0.14 (−0.34–0.61) | −0.20 (−0.75–0.35) |
| CRQ fatigue | 4.30±1.06 | 4.91±0.96 | 0.21±1.03 | −0.16±0.83 | 0.40 (−0.08–0.87) | 0.17 (−0.28–0.62) | 0.08±0.96 | −0.23±0.88 | 0.33 (−0.15–0.81) | 0.10 (−0.31–0.5) |
| CRQ emotion | 5.24±1.05 | 5.51±1.14 | −0.06±0.69 | 0.05±0.63 | −0.18 (−0.65–0.3) | −0.24 (−0.57–0.1) | 0.01±0.91 | −0.25±0.78 | 0.3 (−0.17–0.78) | 0.17 (−0.21–0.56) |
| CRQ mastery | 5.36±1.44 | 5.66±1.22 | 0.14±1.05 | −0.14±0.77 | 0.30 (−0.18–0.77) | −0.11 (−0.51–0.3) | 0.06±1.29 | −0.24±1.04 | 0.26 (−0.22–0.74) | 0.06 (−0.39–0.51) |
| CRQ total | 5.01±0.98 | 5.46±0.93 | 0.06±0.73 | −0.07±0.62 | 0.20 (−0.27–0.67) | −0.08 (−0.42–0.27) | −0.01±0.81 | −0.26±0.72 | 0.33 (−0.15–0.81) | 0.08 (−0.29–0.45) |
| UCSD shortness of breath | 39.54±19.42 | 29.58±14.7 | −0.22±11.24 | −0.09±11.78 | −0.01 (−0.48–0.46) | 2.05 (−4.26–8.37) | 2.53±12.65 | 0.7±14.09 | 0.14 (−0.34–0.61) | 3.79 (−3.27–10.85) |
| COPD self-efficacy | 3.38±0.83 | 3.64±0.78 | 0.22±0.64 | 0.02±0.57 | 0.34 (−0.14–0.81) | 0.14 (−0.11–0.39) | 0.29±0.6 | 0.01±0.65 | 0.46 (−0.02–0.94) | 0.21 (−0.06–0.49) |
| CES-D score | 12.18±9.22 | 11.31±9.28 | −1.21±4.48 | −1.54±4.91 | 0.07 (−0.4–0.54) | 0.83 (−1.23–2.89) | −0.82±5.72 | −0.37±6.93 | −0.07 (−0.55–0.41) | 0.13 (−2.51–2.78) |
| MSPSS social support | 5.64±1.33 | 5.72±1.14 | 0.22±1.26 | 0.17±1.04 | 0.04 (−0.43–0.51) | −0.06 (−0.44–0.31) | 0.33±0.84 | 0.22±1.03 | 0.12 (−0.35–0.6) | 0 (−0.29–0.3) |
| PSS perceived stress | 11.73±6.32 | 11.1±5.75 | −2.47±4.76 | −0.27±4.56 | −0.47 (−0.95–0.01) | −1.40 (−3.51–0.71) | −0.10±5.41 | 0.83±4.97 | −0.18 (−0.66–0.3) | −0.37 (−2.66–1.92) |
| Resnick exercise self-efficacy | 57.59±19.28 | 66.23±23.56 | −10.69±21.52 | −2.97±18.62 | −0.38 (−0.86–0.09) | −11.64 (−21.44–−1.83) | −12.2±21.81 | −9.34±23.89 | −0.13 (−0.6–0.35) | −7.05 (−17.01–2.91) |
| Calorie expenditure – moderate intensity | 1561±3390 | 1317±1969 | 65±2276 | 614±2636 | −0.22 (−0.79–0.35) | −242 (−1789–1305) | 634±3940 | −558±1321 | 0.41 (−0.18–0.99) | 1546 (−20–3111) |
| Daily step count | 2623±1597 | 3205±2265 | −404±749 | 146±1667 | −0.43 (−1.01–0.16) | −560 (−1190–70) | −401±788 | −206±1819 | −0.14 (−0.72–0.44) | −225 (−863–414) |
Data are presented as mean±sd change or standardised difference (95% CI). Each row represents one model that incorporates all time points. Models adjust for time since completion of pulmonary rehabilitation, supplemental oxygen use, sex and Charlson Comorbidity Index. For measures where higher score means better status, positive values reflect improvement, while negative values indicate deterioration. For measures where higher score reflects worse status, positive values reflect deterioration while negative values indicate improvement. UC: usual care; CRQ: Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire; UCSD: University of California, San Diego; CES-D: Center of Epidemiology Studies–Depression Scale; MSPSS: Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support; PSS: Perceived Stress Scale.