Variable | Clinical suspicion cohort (n=30) | RT-PCR-confirmed cohort (n=485) | p-value |
Age, mean±sd | 59.2±15.5 | 61.7±10.9 | 0.390 |
Women | 36.7% (11) | 26.4% (128) | 0.219 |
Previous medical history | |||
Diabetes | 20% (6) | 22.5% (109) | 0.752 |
Hypertension | 36.7% (11) | 47.6% (231) | 0.243 |
Cardiovascular | 13.3% (4) | 10.9% (53) | 0.684 |
Bronchopulmonary | 23.3% (7) | 14% (68) | 0.161 |
Neoplasms | 30% (9) | 9.3% (45) | 0.002 |
Charlson comorbidity index | <0.001 | ||
0–1 | 53.3% (16) | 77.3% (375) | |
2 | 13.3% (4) | 12.6% (61) | |
≥3 | 33.3% (10) | 10.1% (49) | |
Tobacco consumption | 0.046 | ||
Current smokers | 17.9% (5) | 6.2% (29) | |
Past smokers | 17.9% (5) | 28% (130) | |
Nonsmokers | 64.2% (18) | 65.8% (306) | |
Lifetime tobacco consumption#, pack-years | 21.5 (11.5–46.2) | 30 (15–40) | 0.988 |
Immunosuppression | |||
HIV | 3.3% (1) | 0.8% (4) | 0.174 |
Chemotherapy | 16.7% (5) | 1% (5) | <0.001 |
Monoclonal antibodies | 3.3% (1) | 1% (5) | 0.304 |
Calcineurin inhibitors | 10% (3) | 2.1% (10) | 0.034 |
Antimetabolites | 6.7% (2) | 2.1% (10) | 0.151 |
Corticosteroids | 0% (0) | 2.9% (14) | 1 |
Clinical presentation of COVID-19 | |||
Fever | 76.7% (23) | 83.1% (403) | 0.366 |
Dyspnoea | 56.7% (17) | 67.4% (327) | 0.225 |
Cough | 50% (15) | 74.2% (360) | 0.004 |
Gastrointestinal symptoms | 16.7% (5) | 23.1% (112) | 0.415 |
Myalgias | 13.3% (4) | 32.2% (156) | 0.031 |
Anosmia/ageusia | 0 (0%) | 6.6% (32) | 0.245 |
Laboratory parameters | |||
PaO2/FIO2 ratio¶ | 270 (196–288) | 160 (118–216) | 0.038 |
SaO2/FIO2 ratio+ | 329 (235–387) | 184 (132–239) | <0.001 |
Lymphocyte count·µL−1 | 890 (490–1540) | 700 (540–1000) | 0.115 |
D dimer ng·mL−1 | 1113 (577–2170) | 843 (492–1605) | 0.545 |
Lactate dehydrogenase U·L−1 | 304 (239–507) | 450 (340–625) | 0.049 |
Ferritin ng·mL−1 | 589 (359–1356) | 1275 (648–2299) | 0.107 |
C-reactive protein mg·L−1 | 36 (12–166) | 22 (11–81) | 0.438 |
Interleukin-6 pg·mL−1 | 46 (5–149) | 65 (23–130) | 0.546 |
Chest radiograph abnormalities | <0.001 | ||
Normal | 0% (0) | 0.4% (2) | |
Unilateral interstitial | 23.3% (7) | 1.6% (8) | |
Bilateral interstitial | 43.3% (13) | 36.7% (178) | |
Unilateral consolidation | 6.7% (2) | 2.9% (14) | |
Bilateral consolidation | 16.7% (5) | 46.8% (227) | |
Others | 10% (3) | 11.5% (56) | |
COVID-19-specific therapy | |||
Azithromycin | 0% (0) | 50.4% (242) | <0.001 |
Hydroxychloroquine | 3.3% (1) | 75.4% (362) | <0.001 |
Lopinavir/ritonavir | 3.3% (1) | 54% (259) | <0.001 |
Remdesivir | 0% (0) | 5% (24) | 0.386 |
Interferon-β | 3.3% (1) | 15.2% (73) | 0.104 |
Anakinra | 0% (0) | 3.8% (18) | 0.616 |
Tocilizumab | 3.3% (1) | 49.2% (236) | <0.001 |
Antibiotics | 3.3% (1) | 31.7% (152) | <0.001 |
Corticosteroids | 3.3% (1) | 70.4% (338) | <0.001 |
Length of hospital stay, days | 18 (8–28) | 38 (22–61) | 0.007 |
Admission to intensive care unit | 26.7% (8) | 95.2% (456) | <0.001 |
In-hospital mortality | 20% (6) | 33.6% (163) | 0.123 |
Data are presented as % (n) or median (interquartile range), unless otherwise stated. PaO2: arterial oxygen tension; FIO2: inspiratory oxygen fraction; SaO2: arterial oxygen saturation. #: only accounted for current/past smokers; ¶: PaO2/FIO2 was available in 298 patients; +: SaO2/FIO2 was available in 140 patients who did not have PaO2/FIO2.