Respiratory symptoms, patient-reported outcome measures and pulmonary function at 3 and 6 months after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) symptom onset
| 3 months | 6 months | Mean or median difference | 95% CI | p-value | |
| Respiratory symptoms | |||||
| UCSD dyspnoea score | 11 (3–26) | 9 (3–31) | −1.0 | −4.0–2.0 | 0.53 |
| Cough VAS | 28 (8–60) | 20 (10–35) | −4.6 | −18.7–8.4 | 0.41 |
| Patient-reported outcome measures | |||||
| PHQ-9 | 2 (1–6) | 1 (0–6) | 0.5 | 0–1.5 | 0.16 |
| PSQI | 5 (3–8) | 5 (2–9) | 0 | −1.0–1.5 | 0.81 |
| EQ-5D utility | 0.87 (0.79–0.95) | 0.90 (0.81–0.95) | −0.022 | −0.1–0.003 | 0.12 |
| EQ-5D VAS | 75 (68–90) | 80 (75–90) | 6.3 | 5.0–9.5 | <0.001 |
| Pulmonary function, % predicted | |||||
| FEV1 | 89±16 | 91±16 | 1.3 | −0.8–3.4 | 0.21 |
| FVC | 90±17 | 93±17 | 3.3 | 1.3–5.2 | 0.001 |
| FEV1/FVC | 87±12 | 84±12 | −2.9 | −4.5– −1.3 | 0.001 |
| TLC | 83±14 | 87±13 | 3.8 | 2.2–5.5 | <0.001 |
| DLCO | 74±17 | 80±17 | 5.7 | 3.6–7.8 | <0.001 |
Data for 3 and 6 months are shown as mean±sd or median (IQR). Data denoted in bold indicate p-value <0.05. A paired t-test or Wilcoxon signed rank test were used to compare values between 3 and 6 months. UCSD: University of California, San Diego shortness of breath questionnaire; VAS: visual analogue scale; PHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire-9; PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; EQ-5D: EuroQol- 5 Dimension; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC: forced vital capacity; TLC: total lung capacity; DLCO: diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide.