Demographic characteristics amongst all UK Biobank individuals who attended an assessment centre and amongst UK Biobank individuals with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) test data
| All UK Biobank | UK Biobank with SARS-CoV-2 test data | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Whole sample | Whole sample# | Positive | Negative | |
| Subjects n | 502 505 | 107 412 | 17 979 (17%) | 89 433 (83%) |
| Age at recruitment¶ (mean±sd) | 56.53±8.10 | 56.70±8.25 | 53.52±8.58 | 57.33±8.03 |
| Age at SARS-CoV-2 test¶ (mean±sd) | 68.23±8.23 | 64.69±8.58 | 69.00±7.94 | |
| Sex¶ | ||||
| Female | 54.0 | 54.0 | 52.9 | 54.3 |
| Male | 45.6 | 45.9 | 47.1 | 45.7 |
| Ethnicity¶ | ||||
| White | 94.1 | 93.6 | 89.5 | 94.5 |
| Mixed | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.6 |
| Asian | 2.3 | 2.4 | 4.6 | 2.0 |
| Black | 1.6 | 1.8 | 2.9 | 1.5 |
| Other ethnic background | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.9 | 1.2 |
| Ever asthma | ||||
| Yes | 12.6 | 13.9 | 14.1 | 13.9 |
| No | 87.0 | 85.6 | 85.4 | 85.7 |
| Asthma age of onset (if asthma yes)¶ (mean±sd) | 31.16±18.69 | 31.67±18.81 | 30.02±17.71 | 32.02±19.02 |
| Asthma onset (if asthma yes) | ||||
| Early-onset (<13 years) | 36.9 | 36.5 | 34.9 | 36.8 |
| Late onset (≥13 years) | 63.1 | 63.5 | 65.1 | 63.2 |
| COPD diagnosis | ||||
| Yes | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.5 |
| No | 23.8 | 23.1 | 18.3 | 24.0 |
| COPD age of onset | 59.52±9.28 | 58.82±10.18 | 58.39±9.64 | 58.89±10.26 |
| Hay fever or eczema diagnosis (mean±sd) | ||||
| Yes | 23.6 | 24.0 | 23.6 | 24.1 |
| No | 75.9 | 75.6 | 75.9 | 75.5 |
| Hay fever or eczema age of onset¶ | 25.21±16.13 | 25.68±16.39 | 24.46±15.14 | 25.91±16.61 |
| Asthma medication (if asthma yes) (mean±sd) | ||||
| No asthma/COPD medications | 47.0 | 45.6 | 45.8 | 45.6 |
| Only non-steroidal medications | 15.4 | 14.8 | 14.7 | 14.8 |
| Steroid medications | 37.6 | 39.5 | 39.5 | 39.5 |
| Hay fever medication (if hay fever yes) | ||||
| No hay fever medication | 82.6 | 81.5 | 82.3 | 81.4 |
| Medication; no antihistamines | 7.2 | 7.5 | 7.3 | 7.6 |
| Antihistamines | 10.1 | 10.8 | 10.3 | 10.9 |
| Lung function+ | ||||
| FEV1 at baseline, z-score¶ | 0.37 (−0.32–1.08) | 0.41−0.29–1.12) | 0.44−0.27–1.16) | 0.40−0.30–1.11) |
| FVC at baseline, z-score¶ | 0.18 (−0.48–0.84) | 0.21 (−0.46–0.88) | 0.24 (−0.44–0.92) | 0.21 (−0.46–0.87) |
| FEV1/FVC at baseline, z-score | 0.34 (−0.16–0.90) | 0.35 (−0.16–0.90) | 0.34 (−0.16–0.92) | 0.35 (−0.16–0.90) |
| Household income GBP | ||||
| <18 000 | 18.9 | 19.7 | 20.1 | 19.6 |
| 18 000 to 30 999 | 21.5 | 21.2 | 20.2 | 21.4 |
| 31 000 to 51 999 | 22.3 | 22.1 | 23.6 | 21.8 |
| 52 000 to 100 000 | 17.8 | 17.2 | 17.3 | 17.2 |
| >100 000 | 4.9 | 5.1 | 4.4 | 5.3 |
| Education¶ | ||||
| None of the following | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 1.0 |
| College or University degree | 32.4 | 30.6 | 25.1 | 31.7 |
| A levels/AS levels or equivalent | 10.9 | 10.4 | 9.9 | 10.5 |
| O levels/GCSEs or equivalent | 20.8 | 21.0 | 22.4 | 20.7 |
| CSEs or equivalent | 5.3 | 5.5 | 8.8 | 4.8 |
| NVQ or HND or HNC or equivalent | 6.6 | 7.0 | 7.8 | 6.8 |
| Other professional qualifications | 5.2 | 5.3 | 4.8 | 5.5 |
| Smoking history¶ | ||||
| Never | 54.4 | 52.2 | 52.9 | 52.0 |
| Past | 34.4 | 36.3 | 35.0 | 36.6 |
| Current | 10.5 | 10.8 | 11.5 | 10.7 |
| Smoking pack-years | 19.00 (10.00–32.00) | 19.88 (10.13–33.00) | 20.00 (10.50–33.00) | 19.88 (10.00–33.00) |
| BMI¶ (mean±sd) | 27.43±4.80 | 27.83±4.96 | 28.29±5.10 | 27.74±4.93 |
| White blood cell count¶ | 6.65 (5.63–7.86) | 6.70 (5.69–7.90) | 6.73 (5.70–7.99) | 6.70 (5.69–7.90) |
| Eosinophil count | 0.14 (0.10–0.21) | 0.14 (0.10–0.21) | 0.14 (0.10–0.22) | 0.14 (0.10–0.21) |
| Close to major road | ||||
| Yes | 7.0 | 7.2 | 7.4 | 7.1 |
| No | 91.5 | 91.5 | 91.4 | 91.5 |
| Greenspace percentage, buffer 300 m¶ | 29.53 (17.22–48.41) | 29.53 (17.17–48.21) | 27.44 (16.37–44.02) | 29.97 (17.35–49.11) |
Values are % of participants, mean±sd or median (interquartile range) unless stated otherwise. FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC: forced vital capacity; BMI: body mass index. #: sample of UK Biobank with SAR-CoV-2 test data differs from whole UK Biobank cohort (p<0.05) in all parameters except greenspace percentage, buffer 300 m. ¶: all p-values are <0.001, except for FVC at baseline, z-score (p=0.002) and white blood cell count (p=0.008). p-values are comparing positive and negative test result: chi-square for categorical exposures, ANOVA for parametric and Mann–Whitney U-test (Wilcoxon rank sum test) for non-parametric analysis of variance for continuous variables. +: z-score means represent the mean standard deviation of lung function parameters compared with values for age-, sex- and race-matched individuals.