TABLE 2

Changes from admission to discharge between those who do and do not have expiratory flow limitation (EFL)

Outcomes	Patients with EFL^#				Patients with no EFL^¶				p-value⁺
Outcomes	Admission	Discharge	Median difference	p-value	Admission	Discharge	Median difference	p-value	p-value⁺
ΔXrs_5Hz at upright position cmH₂O·L⁻¹·s	6.1 (4.4–8.1)	5.1 (3.9–6.5)	−0.35 (−2.4–0.96)	0.10	0.9 (0.07–1.75)	1 (0.23–2.7)	0.27 (−0.3–1.7)	0.02	0.009
FL% at upright position	100 (85–100)	91 (63–100)	0 (−22–0.9)	0.07	0 (0–20)	10 (0–53)	0 (−20–51)	0.04	0.02
ΔXrs_5Hz at supine position cmH₂O·L⁻¹·s	8.2 (4.3–11.3)	7.4 (4.2–10.3)	0.1 (−2.1–1.7)	0.72	2.1 (0.7–3)	2 (0.5–4.2)	0.3 (−1.1–1.5)	0.58	0.29
FL% at supine position	100 (78–100)	91 (66–100)	0 (0–1.8)	0.86	27 (0–60)	27 (0–80)	0 (−21–18)	0.98	0.71
Rrs_5Hz at upright position cmH₂O·L⁻¹·s	6.1 (4.8–8.1)	6.2 (5.1–8.3)	0.05 (−1.1–0.6)	0.53	3.9 (2.5–5.3)	4.1 (3.2–5.4)	0.4 (−0.4–1.3)	0.08	0.13
Rrs_5Hz at supine position cmH₂O·L⁻¹·s	6. 5 (5.2–8.1)	7.3 (5.5–8.8)	−0. 1 (−0.9–1.7)	0.56	4.8 (3.2–6.5)	5.1 (3.8–6.2)	−0.2 (−0.9–11.3)	0.61	0.96
PIFR (L/m)	60 (50–88)	75 (50–100)	10 (−1.5–14.5)	0.002	60 (50–85)	75 (55–100)	10 (−2.5–20)	0.001	0.56
IC L	1.2 (0.9–1.7)	1.3 (1–1.7)	0.04 (−0.14–0.19)	0.55	1.2 (0.9–1.7)	1.4 (1–1.7)	0.08 (−0.05–0.28)	0.02	0.23
mMRC	4 (4–4)	3 (2–3)	−1 (−1–0)	0.001	4 (3–4)	2 (2–3)	−1 (−1–0)	0.001	0.26
CAT score	31 (27–34)	17.5 (14.2–22.7)	−10.5 (−15– −6)	0.001	32 (28.5–34)	21 (17–25)	−10 (−13– −5)	0.001	0.27
WBCs (10⁹/L)	10.5 (8–15)	8.5 (7–12)	−1.7 (−5.7–0.6)	0.01	11 (7.8–14)	10 (8–12)	−1.1 (−3.8–0.9)	0.005	0.48
Eosinophils (10⁹/L)	0.06 (0.02–0.17)	0.13 (0.05–0.25)	0.04 (−0.01–0.1)	0.05	0.1 (0.01–0.40)	0.13 (0.03–0.21)	0.01 (−0.11–0.14)	0.91	0.39
Neutrophils (10⁹/L)	8 (5–12)	5.5 (5–8	−0.7 (−5.1–0.42)	0.009	8 (6–11)	7 (5–8)	−1.5 (−4.6–0.91)	0.002	0.76
CRP mg·L⁻¹	15 (6–70)	7 (4–47)	−5 (−47–1)	0.01	21 (5–70)	11 (4–28)	−8 (−52–1.5)	0.003	0.89
eGFR mL·min⁻¹	70.5 (60–90)	84 (63–90)	0 (−1.5–19)	0.03	90 (68–90)	90 (78–90)	0 (0–1)	0.25	0.23

Data are presented as median (IQR). ΔXrs_5Hz: within-breath reactance at 5 Hz; FL%: flow limitation percentage; Rrs_5Hz: resistance at 5 Hz; PIFR: peak inspiratory flow rate; IC: inspiratory capacity; mMRC: modified Medical Research Council dyspnoea scale; CAT: COPD Assessment Test; WBCs: white blood cells; CRP: C-reactive protein; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate.^#: n = 32; ^¶: n = 50; ⁺: median difference between groups.