Use of Newcastle–Ottawa tool to assess the quality of cohort studies
| Study | Representativeness of exposed cohort | Selection of non-exposed cohort | Ascertainment of all-cause | Outcome not present at the start of study | Comparability of cohort | Assessment of outcome | Adequate follow-up duration | Adequate follow-up rate | Score | Quality |
| Russell et al. (2016) [31] | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 7 | Good |
| Johannson et al. (2017) [20] | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | Good |
| Veit et al. (2020) [32] | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | Good |
| Edwards et al. (2020) [39] | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | Good |
| Moor et al. (2019) [45] | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | Fair |
| Moor et al. (2018) [40] | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | Good |
| Moor et al. (2020) [46] | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | Fair |
| Broos et al. (2017) [41] | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | Good |
| Marcoux et al. (2019) [28] | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | Good |
| Noth et al. (2021) [43] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 | Good |
| Moor et al. (2020) [42] | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | Good |