All | Patients admitted to the ICU | p-value | ||
Yes | No | |||
Patients, n | 40 440 | 20 044 | 20 396 | |
Invasive mechanical ventilation | 12 462 (30.8) | 11 957 (59.6) | 505 (2.5) | <0.0001 |
Noninvasive mechanical ventilation | 15 522 (38.4) | 9127 (45.5) | 6395 (31.4) | <0.0001 |
High-flow nasal cannula | 25 433 (62.9) | 8891 (44.4) | 16 542 (81.1) | <0.0001 |
Inotropes or vasopressors | 16 542 (40.7) | 8375 (41.8) | 175 (0.9) | <0.0001 |
Antibiotics | 35 316 (87.3) | 17 800 (88.8) | 17 516 (85.9) | <0.0001 |
Prone positioning | 7825 (19.3) | 7390 (36.9) | 435 (2.1) | <0.0001 |
Neuraminidase inhibitors | 231 (0.6) | 118 (0.6) | 113 (0.6) | 0.69 |
Neuromuscular blocking agents | 3647 (9.0) | 3597 (17.9) | 50 (0.2) | <0.0001 |
Dialysis/haemofiltration | 3191 (7.9) | 2953 (14.7) | 238 (1.2) | <0.0001 |
Corticosteroids | 11 435 (28.3) | 7627 (38.1) | 3808 (18.7) | <0.0001 |
Antivirals | 8025 (19.8) | 5925 (29.6) | 2100 (10.3) | <0.0001 |
Tracheostomy | 2461 (6.1) | 2422 (12.1) | 39 (0.2) | <0.0001 |
ECMO | 706 (1.7) | 706 (3.5) | 0 (0.0) | <0.0001 |
ACE inhibitors | 4399 (10.9) | 1991 (9.9) | 2408 (11.8) | <0.0001 |
Antifungal | 3200 (7.9) | 2384 (11.9) | 816 (4.0) | <0.0001 |
Angiotensin II receptor blockers | 2865 (7.1) | 1674 (8.4) | 1191 (5.8) | <0.0001 |
Therapeutic anticoagulants | 532 (1.3) | 510 (2.5) | 22 (0.1) | <0.0001 |
Lopinavir/ritonavir | 651 (1.6) | 397 (2.0) | 254 (1.2) | <0.0001 |
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory | 2317 (5.7) | 1191 (5.9) | 1126 (5.5) | 0.07 |
Inhaled nitric oxide | 505 (1.2) | 491 (2.4) | 14 (0.1) | <0.0001 |
Chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine | 946 (2.3) | 718 (3.6) | 228 (1.1) | <0.0001 |
Convalescent plasma | 398 (1.0) | 248 (1.2) | 150 (0.7) | <0.0001 |
Macrolides | 83 (0.2) | 66 (0.3) | 17 (0.1) | <0.0001 |
Dexamethasone | 4174 (10.3) | 1992 (9.9) | 2182 (10.7) | 0.01 |
Interferon-β | 131 (0.3) | 118 (0.6) | 13 (0.1) | <0.0001 |
Oral steroids | 311 (0.8) | 275 (1.4) | 36 (0.2) | <0.0001 |
Remdesivir | 2009 (5.0) | 1092 (5.4) | 917 (4.5) | <0.0001 |
IL-6 inhibitor | 122 (0.3) | 90 (0.4) | 32 (0.2) | <0.0001 |
Tocilizumab | 51 (0.1) | 42 (0.2) | 9 (0.0) | <0.0001 |
Data are presented as n (%), unless otherwise stated. ECMO: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; IL: interleukin.