TABLE 1

Markov model health state utilities [14], costs and QALY loss associated with each event [15]

Parameter	Input	Source
Health state costs (total per annum)		[15–19]
Moderate COPD	£216.82
Severe COPD	£798.95
Very severe COPD	£2297.98
Relative risk of mortality		[20]
Moderate COPD	1.89
Severe COPD	3.63
Very severe COPD	8.33
Exacerbation costs (total per event)		[14–19]
Severe exacerbation	£6120.30
Moderate exacerbation	£568.48
Pneumonia^#	£1087.98
Drug cost per 30 days		[17]
FF/UMEC/VI	£44.50
FF/VI	£22.00
UMEC/VI	£32.50
Health state utilities, utility (95% CI)		[14]
Moderate COPD	0.787 (0.771–0.802)
Severe COPD	0.750 (0.731–0.786)
Very severe COPD	0.647 (0.598–0.695)
Event disutilities, QALY loss per event (95% CI)		[21]
Severe exacerbation	0.020 (0.020–0.030)
Moderate exacerbation	0.011 (0.006–0.020)
Pneumonia^¶	0.011 (0.006–0.020)

COPD was classified as moderate (FEV₁ % pred 50–<80%), severe (FEV₁ % pred 30–<50%) or very severe (FEV₁ % pred <30%). QALY: quality-adjusted life year; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; FF: fluticasone furoate; UMEC: umeclidinium; VI: vilanterol; CI: confidence interval; FEV₁: forced expiratory volume in 1 s. ^#: weighted cost calculated using ambulatory and inpatient costs; ^¶: assumption, equivalent to moderate exacerbation.