Multivariable odds ratios for the association between inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) use and SARS-CoV-2 infection, and multivariable hazard ratios (HRs) for the association between ICS use and moderate–severe COVID-19 and the composite of moderate–severe COVID-19 and all-cause mortality, among asthmatic patients
| Variables | Association of ICS use with SARS-CoV-2 infection OR (95% CI), p-value | Association of ICS use with COVID-19 severity and mortality | |
| Moderate–severe COVID-19 HR (95% CI), p-value | Composite of moderate–severe COVID-19 and all-cause mortality HR (95% CI), p-value | ||
| Age | 1.00 (0.99–1.00), 0.799 | 1.03 (1.02–1.05), <0.001 | 1.04 (1.02–1.05), <0.001 |
| Female sex | 0.92 (0.80–1.06), 0.270 | 0.64 (0.41–1.00), 0.050 | 0.67 (0.44–1.04), 0.073 |
| Arab ethnicity# | 2.44 (2.09–2.86), <0.001 | 2.00 (1.28–3.14), 0.003 | 1.85 (1.20–2.86), 0.006 |
| Diabetes | 1.18 (0.97–1.44), 0.093 | 0.80 (0.49–1.29), 0.352 | 0.79 (0.50–1.26), 0.320 |
| Hypertension | 0.99 (0.82–1.21), 0.940 | 2.02 (1.17–3.51), 0.012 | 2.05 (1.21–3.50), 0.008 |
| Obesity | 1.21 (1.04–1.40), 0.013 | 1.75 (1.10–2.78), 0.019 | 1.68 (1.08–2.61), 0.021 |
| Ischaemic heart disease | 0.99 (0.77–1.27), 0.928 | 0.92 (0.53–1.58), 0.758 | 0.99 (0.59–1.66), 0.981 |
| Hospitalisation in the prior year | 0.86 (0.73–1.02), 0.79 | 1.86 (0.88–3.92), 0.104 | 1.80 (0.89–3.64), 0.102 |
| Recent systemic corticosteroid use¶ | 0.89 (0.72–1.10), 0.279 | 1.54 (0.93–2.52), 0.090 | 1.41 (0.86–2.30), 0.172 |
| ICS use in the prior year | |||
| None | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Recent¶ | 1.06 (0.91–1.23), 0.483 | 0.98 (0.60–1.58), 0.927 | 0.90 (0.57–1.41), 0.64 |
| Former+ | 0.93 (0.77–1.13), 0.467 | 0.86 (0.46–1.62), 0.648 | 0.80 (0.44–1.45), 0.457 |
Multivariable models were adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, diabetes, hypertension, ischaemic heart disease, obesity, hospitalisation in the prior year and systemic corticosteroid use. #: compared to Jewish ethnicity; ¶: ≤90 days; +: 90–365 days.