Childhood and parenthood characteristics in Raine Study participants with two or more spirometry measurements according to sex (n=1512)
| Variable | Male | Female | p-value¶ |
| Sex | 768 (50.79) | 744 (49.21) | |
| Socioeconomic status# (income in AUD) | 0.713 | ||
| ≤16.000 | 67 (9.45) | 70 (10.14) | |
| 16 000–40 000 | 316 (44.57) | 293 (42.46) | |
| ≥40 000 | 326 (45.98) | 327 (47.39) | |
| Maternal education | 0.416 | ||
| Low | 145 (18.88) | 159 (21.37) | |
| Medium | 217 (28.26) | 200 (26.88) | |
| High | 345 (44.92) | 338 (45.43) | |
| Preterm birthweight (<37 weeks gestational age) | 45 (6.09) | 56 (7.94) | 0.167 |
| <0.001 | |||
| Low | 45 (5.86) | 77 (10.35) | |
| Normal | 723 (94.14) | 667 (89.65) | |
| Respiratory infections | 0.879 | ||
| URTI only | 245 (35.61) | 244 (36.31) | |
| LRTI or both | 182 (26.45) | 182 (27.08) | |
| Current asthma at age 6 years | 133 (17.32) | 99 (13.31) | 0.030 |
| Current asthma at age 14 years | 78 (10.16) | 69 (9.27) | 0.563 |
| Current asthma at age 22 years | 40 (5.21) | 63 (8.47) | 0.012 |
| Current wheeze at age 6 years | 172 (23.40) | 142 (20.03) | 0.120 |
| Current wheeze at age 14 years | 98 (13.78) | 94 (13.49) | 0.871 |
| Current wheeze at age 22 years | 84 (17.54) | 118 (22.96) | 0.034 |
| Current eczema at age 6 years | 166 (22.90) | 174 (24.96) | 0.361 |
| Current eczema at age 14 years | 127 (17.81) | 147 (21.06) | 0.123 |
| Current eczema at age 22 years | 45 (9.53) | 82 (16.43) | <0.001 |
| Current hay fever at age 6 years | 51 (6.64) | 53 (7.12) | 0.711 |
| Current hay fever at age 14 years | 156 (21.88) | 135 (19.37) | 0.244 |
| Current hay fever at age 22 years | 73 (15.37) | 104 (20.47) | 0.037 |
| Atopy at age 6 years | <0.001 | ||
| Food allergy only | 17 (2.21) | 15 (2.02) | |
| Aeroallergens only or both | 205 (26.69) | 127 (17.07) | |
| Maternal smoking | 0.287 | ||
| Only in pregnancy | 31 (4.41) | 35 (5.21) | |
| Only at age 6 years | 52 (7.41) | 54 (8.04) | |
| Both in pregnancy and at age 6 years | 130 (18.49) | 147 (21.88) | |
| Paternal smoking | 256 (33.33) | 253 (34.01) | 0.669 |
| Parental asthma | 0.268 | ||
| Mother only | 111 (16.82) | 104 (16.48) | |
| Father only | 53 (8.03) | 71 (11.25) | |
| Both | 18 (2.73) | 18 (2.85) | |
| Parental eczema | 0.445 | ||
| Mother only | 117 (17.67) | 106 (16.80) | |
| Father only | 42 (6.34) | 55 (8.72) | |
| Both | 21 (3.17) | 19 (3.01) | |
| Parental hay fever | 0.481 | ||
| Mother only | 231 (30.08) | 210 (28.23) | |
| Father only | 123 (16.02) | 116 (15.59) | |
| Both | 97 (12.63) | 114 (15.32) | |
| Parental wheeze | 313 (43.05) | 313 (44.78) | 0.512 |
Data presented as n (%). AUD: Australian dollars; LRTI: low respiratory tract infections in the first year of life; URTI: upper respiratory tract infections in the first year of life. #: socioeconomic status was defined by the family incomes, expressed in AUD. ¶: significance of differences was evaluated by Chi squared test and are given in bold.