Total | No chronic cough | Chronic cough | p-value | |
Participants | 5877 | 5148 | 729 | |
Age, years | 72.3±7.9 | 72.2±7.9 | 72.7±7.7 | 0.081 |
Female | 3460 (58.9) | 3031 (58.9) | 429 (58.8) | 0.988 |
BMI, kg·m−2 | 27.6±4.1 | 27.6±4.0 | 27.6±4.4 | 0.645 |
Smoking | ||||
Never | 1876 (31.9) | 1693 (32.9) | 183 (25.1) | <0.001 |
Past | 3180 (54.1) | 2818 (54.8) | 362 (49.7) | |
Current | 818 (13.9) | 634 (12.3) | 184 (25.2) | |
ACE inhibitor use | 1381 (23.5) | 1153 (22.4) | 228 (31.3) | <0.001 |
CES-D scores | 4 (1–10) | 4 (1–9) | 6 (2–12) | <0.001 |
CES-D score ≥16 | 755 (12.9) | 636 (12.4) | 119 (16.4) | 0.002 |
History of depressive events | 1285 (21.9) | 1095 (21.3) | 190 (26.1) | 0.003 |
Baseline comorbidities | 1884 (32.1) | 1506 (29.3) | 378 (51.9) | <0.001 |
Chronic rhinosinusitis | 152 (2.6) | 120 (2.3) | 32 (4.4) | 0.001 |
GORD | 850 (14.5) | 716 (13.9) | 134 (18.4) | 0.001 |
Obstructive airway disease# | 848 (14.4) | 595 (11.6) | 253 (34.7) | <0.001 |
Lung cancer | 20 (0.3) | 11 (0.2) | 9 (1.2) | <0.001 |
Diabetes | 153 (2.6) | 133 (2.6) | 20 (2.7) | 0.800 |
Heart failure | 336 (5.7) | 273 (5.3) | 63 (8.6) | <0.001 |
Data are presented as n, mean±sd, n (%) or median (interquartile range), unless otherwise stated. BMI: body mass index; ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; CES-D: Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale; GORD: gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. #: COPD and/or asthma.