TABLE 4

Adjusted associations of cannabis and tobacco with pre-bronchodilator impulse oscillometry (IOS) measures stratified by sex

	R₅	R₂₀	R₅−R₂₀	X₅	AX	f_res
Women
Participants (n)	434	434	434	433	430	432
Joint-years
β (95% CI)	0.187 (0.058–0.315)	0.150 (0.014–0.286)	0.137 (−0.007–0.281)	0.234 (0.109–0.358)	0.240 (0.116–0.364)	0.222 (0.095–0.350)
p-value	0.004	0.030	0.061	<0.001	<0.001	0.001
Pack-years
β (95% CI)	0.058 (−0.058–0.175)	−0.005 (−0.128–0.119)	0.139 (0.009–0.270)	−0.038 (−0.151–0.075)	0.015 (−0.098–0.128)	0.030 (−0.086–0.146)
p-value	0.327	0.940	0.037	0.510	0.796	0.612
Men
Participants (n)	443	443	443	443	438	438
Joint-years
β (95% CI)	0.070 (−0.015–0.156)	0.042 (−0.047–0.132)	0.066 (−0.011–0.143)	0.053 (−0.026–0.113)	0.083 (−0.003–0.168)	0.094 (0.009–0.179)
p-value	0.107	0.351	0.095	0.186	0.058	0.030
Pack-years
β (95% CI)	0.024 (−0.066–0.114)	<0.001 (−0.095–0.094)	0.032 (−0.049–0114)	0.079 (−0.005–0.163)	0.067 (−0.024–0.158)	0.051 (−0.040–0.142)
p-value	0.599	0.996	0.437	0.064	0.150	0.272

All IOS measures are transformed and analyses are adjusted for use of both substances and also adjusted for body mass index and height; significant associations are shown in bold. β-values are standardised regression coefficients, which represent the standard deviation difference in IOS measure associated with each standard deviation change in joint- or pack-years. R₅: resistance at 5 Hz; R₂₀: resistance at 20 Hz; R₅−R₂₀: difference between R₅ and R₂₀; X₅: reactance at 5 Hz; AX: area under the reactance curve between 5 Hz and resonant frequency (f_res).