Baseline characteristics of participants
| Participants | 43 |
| Age (years) | 57.6±13.3 |
| Female (%) | 48.8 |
| BMI (kg·m−2) | 31.3±7.3 |
| Smoking (pack-years) | 6.8±11.6 |
| SABA (puffs·day−1) | 10 (14) |
| LABA (%) | 100 |
| LAMA (%) | 100 |
| Inhaled steroid (beclomethasone µg·day−1) | 1730±941 |
| Daily oral steroid (%) | 62.7 |
| Prednisolone dose (mg·day−1) | 7 (15) |
| Monoclonal antibodies (%) | 67.4 |
| Exacerbations (per annum) | 4 (8) |
| ACQ | 3.3±1.0 |
| Pre-bronchodilator FEV1 (% predicted) | 49.1±15.8 |
| Forced expiratory ratio (%) | 50.4±11.3 |
| Bronchodilator response FEV1 (%) | 15.1±14.5 |
| RV (% predicted) | 150.3±40.8 |
| TLC (% predicted) | 104.7±17.4 |
| RV/TLC (%) | 51.3±10.5 |
| KCO (% predicted) | 94.0±23.3 |
| Blood eosinophil count (cells·µL−1) | 190±210 |
| Serum IgE (IU·mL−1) | 588±2324 |
Data are presented as n, mean±sd or median (interquartile range), unless otherwise stated. BMI: body mass index; SABA: short-acting β-agonist; LABA: long-acting β-agonist; LAMA: long-acting muscarinic antagonist; ACQ: Asthma Control Questionnaire; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; RV: residual volume; TLC: total lung capacity; KCO: diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide corrected for alveolar volume.