TABLE 3

Risk of pneumonia by known susceptibility factors in male and female Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 participants

	All		Male		Female
	Relative risk (95% CI)	p-value	Relative risk (95% CI)	p-value	Relative risk (95% CI)	p-value
Subjects n	6750		3079		3671
Sex (n=6750)
Male versus female	1.72 (1.45–2.04)	<0.001
Education (n=6734)
Basic versus tertiary	2.30 (1.72–3.09)	<0.001	2.16 (1.50–3.11)	<0.001	1.70 (0.98–2.94)	0.060
Secondary versus tertiary	1.39 (1.12–1.71)	0.003	1.17 (0.88–1.56)	0.273	1.54 (1.12–2.11)	0.008
Obesity (n=5500)
BMI ≥30 kg·m⁻² versus BMI <30 kg·m⁻²	1.09 (0.87–1.37)	0.473	1.03 (0.76–1.41)	0.833	1.15 (0.82–1.62)	0.415
Waist circumference (n=5431)
High versus low	0.96 (0.79–1.17)	0.698	0.93 (0.71–1.20)	0.558	1.13 (0.82–1.55)	0.455
Smoking (n=5964)
Current or former versus never	1.55 (1.31–1.84)	<0.001	1.50 (1.19–1.89)	0.001	1.43 (1.10–1.86)	0.007
Excessive alcohol intake (n=6734)	1.27 (1.00–1.60)	0.049	1.19 (0.90–1.56)	0.224	1.01 (0.63–1.64)	0.960
Asthma (n=6750)	2.19 (1.73–2.75)	<0.001	1.81 (1.28–2.54)	0.001	2.87 (2.09–3.95)	<0.001
Cardiovascular disease (n=6750)	2.50 (2.04–3.07)	0.001	2.43 (1.88–3.14)	<0.001	2.40 (1.72–3.35)	<0.001
Cardiac arrhythmias	1.64 (1.22–2.21)	0.001	1.64 (1.12–2.41)	0.011	1.59 (0.98–2.57)	0.060
Ischaemic heart disease	3.66 (2.68–4.99)	<0.001	3.70 (2.64–5.19)	<0.001	1.77 (0.73–4.29)	0.208
Valve disease	2.43 (1.43–4.12)	0.001	2.84 (1.56–5.19)	0.001	1.43 (0.46–4.46)	0.541
Cardiomyopathy and heart failure	7.06 (4.89–10.20)	<0.001	6.45 (4.06–10.24)	<0.001	7.39 (4.03–13.55)	<0.001
Other	2.10 (1.39–3.15)	<0.001	2.24 (1.31–3.82)	0.003	2.01 (1.07–3.78)	0.031
Liver disease (n=6750)	1.60 (0.88–2.90)	0.123	1.09 (0.45–2.64)	0.849	2.39 (1.06–5.38)	0.035
Kidney disease (n=6750)	4.14 (2.81–6.10)	<0.001	5.04 (3.17–8.01)	<0.001	2.93 (1.45–5.93)	0.003
Sarcoidosis (n=6575)	0.84 (0.32–2.25)	0.732	0.81 (0.26–2.54)	0.724	0.69 (0.10–4.91)	0.710
Autoimmune disease (n=6575)
Rheumatoid arthritis	2.69 (1.80–4.01)	<0.001	1.94 (0.87–4.36)	0.107	3.78 (2.36–6.05)	<0.001
Psoriasis	2.91 (1.92–4.41)	<0.001	1.13 (0.50–2.52)	0.774	6.00 (3.66–9.83)	<0.001
Coeliac disease	1.20 (0.54–2.69)	0.653	1.59 (0.51–4.96)	0.423	1.14 (0.36–3.55)	0.827
Vasculitis	1.87 (0.84–4.19)	0.126	3.63 (1.35–9.72)	0.010	1.14 (0.28–4.57)	0.859
Purpura	1.21 (0.45–3.24)	0.701	1.20 (0.30–4.82)	0.798	1.33 (0.33–5.33)	0.691
Multiple sclerosis	1.36 (0.44–4.24)	0.592			2.00 (0.64–6.24)	0.234
Diabetes mellitus (n=6745)
Type 1 diabetes	1.77 (0.79–3.95)	0.166	0.73 (0.18–2.94)	0.661	4.10 (1.52–11.01)	0.005
Type 2 diabetes	1.80 (1.34–2.42)	<0.001	1.99 (1.42–2.79)	<0.001	1.11 (0.59–2.09)	0.753
Cancer (n=6575)
Solid	0.91 (0.29–2.82)	0.867	0.43 (0.06–3.03)	0.394	1.77 (0.44–7.12)	0.421
Haematology	1.58 (0.59–4.22)	0.363			4.60 (1.71–12.36)	0.002

The relative risk (95% CI) for pneumonia was analysed using unadjusted Poisson regression models, where the number of pneumonia episodes by 2018 was a dependent variable and the risk factors were independent variables. BMI: body mass index.