Male | Female | |||||
No pneumonia | ≥1 pneumonia | p-value | No pneumonia | ≥1 pneumonia | p-value | |
Subjects | 3079 | 3671 | ||||
Sex | 2812 (91.3) | 267 (8.7) | 3489 (95.0) | 182 (5.0) | ||
Education | ||||||
Basic | 263 (86.2) | 42 (13.8) | 0.006 | 211 (94.6) | 12 (5.4) | 0.162 |
Secondary | 1895 (91.6) | 174 (8.4) | 2193 (94.1) | 137 (5.8) | ||
Tertiary | 638 (91.9) | 56 (8.1) | 1065 (95.7) | 48 (4.3) | ||
BMI | ||||||
<30 kg·m−2 | 1728 (91.6) | 158 (8.4) | 0.675 | 2343 (94.9) | 125 (5.1) | 0.144 |
≥30 kg·m−2 | 457 (91.0) | 45 (9.0) | 602 (93.5) | 42 (6.5) | ||
Waist circumference# | ||||||
Low | 865 (91.1) | 85 (8.9) | 0.498 | 945 (95.3) | 47 (4.7) | 0.258 |
High | 1295 (91.8) | 115 (8.2) | 1960 (94.3) | 119 (5.7) | ||
Smoking¶ | ||||||
Never | 1257 (92.6) | 101 (7.4) | 0.020 | 1969 (95.4) | 94 (4.6) | 0.014 |
Current or former | 1504 (90.2) | 164 (9.8) | 1459 (93.6) | 100 (6.4) | ||
Alcohol consumption+ | ||||||
No | 2331 (91.1) | 228 (8.9) | 0.920 | 3194 (94.6) | 181 (5.4) | 0.921 |
Yes | 468 (91.2) | 45 (8.8) | 272 (94.8) | 15 (5.2) | ||
Asthma | ||||||
No | 2636 (91.6) | 241 (8.4) | <0.001 | 3194 (95.1) | 165 (4.9) | <0.001 |
Yes | 169 (83.7) | 33 (16.3) | 280 (89.7) | 32 (10.3) | ||
Cardiovascular disease | ||||||
No | 2519 (91.9) | 221 (8.1) | <0.001 | 3188 (95.0) | 167 (5.0) | 0.001 |
Yes | 286 (84.4) | 53 (15.6) | 286 (90.5) | 30 (9.5) | ||
Cardiac arrhythmias | ||||||
No | 2657 (91.4) | 251 (8.6) | 0.031 | 3303 (94.8) | 180 (5.2) | 0.022 |
Yes | 148 (86.5) | 23 (13.5) | 171 (91.0) | 17 (9.0) | ||
Ischaemic heart disease | ||||||
No | 2722 (91.5) | 252 (8.5) | <0.001 | 3432 (94.7) | 193 (5.3) | 0.313 |
Yes | 83 (79.0) | 22 (21.0) | 42 (91.3) | 4 (8.7) | ||
Valve disease | ||||||
No | 2775 (91.2) | 267 (8.8) | 0.031 | 3443 (94.7) | 194 (5.3) | 0.369 |
Yes | 30 (81.1) | 7 (18.9) | 31 (91.2) | 3 (8.8) | ||
Cardiomyopathy/heart failure | ||||||
No | 2784 (91.3) | 266 (8.7) | <0.001 | 3451 (94.7) | 195 (5.3) | 0.558 |
Yes | 21 (72.4) | 8 (27.6) | 23 (92.0) | 2 (8.0) | ||
Other cardiovascular disease | ||||||
No | 2755 (91.3) | 264 (8.7) | 0.033 | 3401 (94.8) | 188 (5.2) | 0.023 |
Yes | 50 (83.3) | 10 (16.7) | 73 (89.0) | 9 (11.0) | ||
Liver disease | ||||||
No | 2767 (91.1) | 269 (8.9) | 0.527 | 3439 (94.7) | 191 (5.3) | 0.008 |
Yes | 38 (88.4) | 5 (11.6) | 35 (85.4) | 6 (14.6) | ||
Kidney disease | ||||||
No | 2776 (91.3) | 266 (8.7) | 0.006 | 3437 (94.8) | 189 (5.2) | <0.001 |
Yes | 29 (78.4) | 8 (21.6) | 37 (82.2) | 8 (17.8) | ||
Sarcoidosis | ||||||
No | 2652 (90.7) | 271 (9.3) | 0.972 | 3400 (94.5) | 196 (5.5) | 0.816 |
Yes | 30 (90.9) | 3 (9.1) | 22 (95.7) | 1 (4.3) | ||
Rheumatoid arthritis | ||||||
No | 2659 (90.8) | 269 (9.2) | 0.115 | 3347 (94.7) | 187 (5.3) | 0.009 |
Yes | 23 (82.1) | 5 (17.9) | 75 (88.2) | 10 (11.8) | ||
Psoriasis | ||||||
No | 2639 (90.7) | 269 (9.3) | 0.782 | 3381 (94.7) | 190 (5.3) | 0.005 |
Yes | 43 (89.6) | 5 (10.4) | 41 (85.4) | 7 (14.6) | ||
Coeliac disease | ||||||
No | 2668 (90.8) | 271 (9.2) | 0.232 | 3381 (94.5) | 196 (5.5) | 0.379 |
Yes | 14 (82.4) | 3 (17.6) | 41 (97.6) | 1 (2.4) | ||
Vasculitis | ||||||
No | 2674 (90.8) | 272 (9.2) | 0.241 | 3396 (94.6) | 195 (5.4) | 0.691 |
Yes | 8 (80) | 2 (20) | 26 (92.9) | 2 (7.1) | ||
Purpura | ||||||
No | 2669 (90.8) | 272 (9.2) | 0.586 | 3400 (94.6) | 195 (5.4) | 0.531 |
Yes | 13 (86.7) | 2 (13.3) | 22 (91.7) | 2 (8.3) | ||
Multiple sclerosis | ||||||
No | 2680 (90.7) | 274 (9.3) | 0.651 | 3401 (94.6) | 194 (5.4) | 0.126 |
Yes | 2 (100) | 0 (0) | 21 (87.5) | 3 (12.5) | ||
Diabetes | ||||||
No diabetes | 2610 (91.3) | 249 (8.7) | 0.112 | 3323 (94.8) | 183 (5.2) | 0.002 |
Type 1 diabetes | 26 (96.3) | 1 (3.7) | 12 (75.0) | 4 (25.0) | ||
Type 2 diabetes | 165 (87.3) | 24 (12.7) | 138 (93.2) | 10 (6.8) | ||
Cancer, solid | ||||||
No | 2662 (90.7) | 273 (9.3) | 0.457 | 3406 (94.6) | 195 (5.4) | 0.288 |
Yes | 20 (95.2) | 1 (4.8) | 16 (88.9) | 2 (11.1) | ||
Haematological | ||||||
No | 2666 (90.7) | 274 (9.3) | 0.200 | 3412 (94.6) | 193 (5.4) | <0.001 |
Yes | 16 (100) | 0 (0) | 10 (71.4) | 4 (28.6) |
#: waist circumference indicates ≥94 cm for males and ≥80 cm for females; ¶: self-reported data at the age of 46 years on smoking (no smoking history versus former or current smokers); +: self-reported data at the age of 46 years on excessive alcohol consumption (males ≥30 g·day−1, females ≥20 g·day−1). Pearson's Chi-squared test was used.