All | Male | Female | ||||||
Relative risk (95% CI) | p-value | Subjects n (%) | Relative risk (95% CI) | p-value | Subjects n (%) | Relative risk (95% CI) | p-value | |
Subjects n | 9392 | 4556 | 4836 | |||||
Sex (n=9392) | 1.44 (1.21–1.71) | <0.001 | 4556 (48.5) | 4836 (51.5) | ||||
Obesity (n=6012)# | ||||||||
BMI ≥30 kg·m−2 versus BMI <30 kg·m−2 | 1.07 (0.69–1.66) | 0.755 | 208 (7.7) | 1.08 (0.58–2.01) | 0.801 | 273 (8.2) | 1.07 (0.58–2.00) | 0.830 |
Waist (n=4289) | ||||||||
High versus low¶ | 0.08 (0.73–1.33) | 0.904 | 514 (25.9) | 1.02 (0.65–1.59) | 0.940 | 838 (36.3) | 0.99 (0.65–1.50) | 0.961 |
Smoking+ (n=8514) | ||||||||
Current or former versus never | 1.71 (1.40–2.08) | <0.001 | 2537 (62.2) | 1.91(1.44–2.54) | <0.001 | 2210 (49.8) | 1.40 (1.05–1.86) | 0.020 |
Excessive alcohol consumption§ (n=5854) | 2.25 (1.60–3.17) | <0.001 | 297 (11.4) | 2.40 (1.58–3.64) | <0.001 | 155 (4.8) | 1.77 (0.93–3.37) | 0.085 |
Asthmaƒ (n=9392) | 1.91 (1.31–2.78) | 0.001 | 124 (2.7) | 2.85 (1.85–4.40) | <0.001 | 159 (3.3) | 0.97 (0.46–2.05) | 0.930 |
The number of pneumonia episodes after 31-year follow-up was a dependent variable and gender, obesity, waist, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption and asthma were independent variables in the models. BMI: body mass index. #: BMI cut-off point 30 kg·m−2; ¶: cut-off point ≥94 cm for males and ≥80 cm for females; +: any history of smoking versus never smoked; §: self-reported alcohol consumption (males ≥30 g·day−1, females ≥20 g·day−1); ƒ: doctor-diagnosed.