IL-4 | IL-13 | IL-5 |
Th2 cell differentiation | Goblet cell hyperplasia | Eosinophil differentiation and survival |
Mucociliary dysfunction | ||
Excess mucus production | ||
Collagen deposition | ||
Smooth muscle proliferation | ||
Increased contractility | ||
Hyperresponsiveness | ||
Neuroimmune dysfunction | ||
B-cell isotype switching and IgE production; mast cell and basophil degranulation | ||
Mast cell activation and trafficking to tissue | ||
Fibrosis and airway remodelling | ||
Epithelial barrier dysfunction and microbiome imbalance | ||
TARC-induced migration of Th2 cells | ||
Activation of macrophages to M2 type | ||
Eosinophil recruitment and trafficking to tissue |
Th2: type 2 T-helper; TARC: thymus and activation-regulated chemokine.