Primary end-point outcomes
| Patients with pre-existing cardiovascular disease | Patients without pre-existing cardiovascular disease | |||
| Patients with COPD and asthma | Patients with COPD without asthma | Patients with COPD and asthma | Patients with COPD without asthma | |
| Patients n | 3690 | 7236 | 6775 | 13 205 |
| Primary outcome | ||||
| Severe MACE | 591 (15.9) | 978 (6.8) | 301 (4.4) | 550 (2.0) |
| HR (95% CI) | 1.25 (1.13–1.39)# | Reference | 1.22 (1.06–1.41) | Reference |
| Secondary outcome | ||||
| Any MACE | 654 (17.6) | 1093 (7.6) | 388 (5.7) | 696 (2.5) |
| HR (95% CI) | 1.22 (1.11–1.34)# | Reference | 1.22 (1.07–1.38) | Reference |
| Severe MACE analysis | ||||
| Lethal cardiovascular events | 72 (1.9) | 148 (1.0) | 42 (0.6) | 88 (0.3) |
| HR (95% CI) | 1.14 (0.86–1.51) | Reference | 1.09 (0.75–1.57) | Reference |
| Nonlethal cardiovascular events requiring revascularisation | 102 (2.8) | 152 (1.1) | 45 (0.7) | 113 (0.4) |
| HR (95% CI) | 1.53 (1.19–1.97)# | Reference | 0.92 (0.65–1.29) | Reference |
| Non-lethal cardiovascular events requiring admission | 417 (11.2) | 678 (4.7) | 214 (3.1) | 349 (1.3) |
| HR (95% CI) | 1.28 (1.15–1.43)# | Reference | 1.25 (1.08–1.45)# | Reference |
| All-cause mortality (not MACE) | 843 (22.7) | 1807 (12.5) | 991 (14.5) | 2169 (7.9) |
| HR (95% CI) | 1.11 (1.03–1.21)# | Reference | 1.06 (0.98–1.14) | Reference |
Data are presented as n (%), unless otherwise stated. Hazard ratios (HR) analysed by unadjusted Cox method with other cause mortality as a competing risk on the propensity-matched cohorts stratified by pre-existing cardiovascular disease. Patients with COPD and asthma and with COPD without asthma were propensity matched 1:2 by age, gender, tobacco exposure, Medical Research Council dyspnoea score, body mass index and forced expiratory volume in 1 s stratified into populations based on pre-existing cardiovascular disease. “Severe major adverse cardiac events (MACE)” defined as lethal cardiovascular events, and cardiovascular events requiring revascularisation or hospitalisation; “any MACE” defined as a severe MACE or an event requiring a prescription of ADP receptor inhibitors or nitrates. #: statistical significance >0.95 by regression analysis.