Secondary outcomes
| Patients with pre-existing cardiovascular disease | Patients without pre-existing cardiovascular disease | |||
| Patients with COPD and asthma | Patients with COPD without asthma | Patients with COPD and asthma | Patients with COPD without asthma | |
| Patients | 3707 | 14 469 | 6824 | 27 386 |
| Severe MACE | 593 (16.0) | 1984 (13.7) | 302 (4.4) | 1240 (4.5) |
| HR (95% CI) | 1.22 (1.11–1.34)# | Reference | 1.21 (1.06–1.37)# | Reference |
| Any MACE | 661 (17.8) | 2270 (15.7) | 519 (7.6) | 2109 (7.7) |
| HR (95% CI) | 1.10 (0.86–1.40) | Reference | 1.26 (1.10–1.45)# | Reference |
| Severe MACE subunit analysis | ||||
| Lethal cardiovascular events | 72 (1.9) | 317 (2.2) | 42 (0.6) | 218 (0.8) |
| HR (95% CI) | 1.16 (0.89–1.50) | Reference | 1.06 (0.76–1.48) | Reference |
| Nonlethal cardiovascular events requiring revascularisation | 102 (2.8) | 314 (2.2) | 45 (0.7) | 249 (0.9) |
| HR (95% CI) | 1.51 (1.21–1.90)# | Reference | 0.98 (0.71–1.35) | Reference |
| Nonlethal cardiovascular events requiring admission | 419 (11.3) | 1353 (9.4) | 215 (3.2) | 737 (2.7) |
| HR (95% CI) | 1.23 (1.12–1.36)# | Reference | 1.25 (1.09–1.43) | Reference |
| All-cause mortality (not MACE) | 843 (22.7) | 3914 (27.1) | 993 (14.6) | 5422 (19.8) |
| HR (95% CI) | 1.08 (1.00–1.17)# | Reference | 1.02 (0.95–1.09) | Reference |
Data are presented as n (%), unless otherwise stated. Hazard ratios by Cox analysis with other cause mortality as a competing risk adjusting for age, gender, tobacco exposure, Medical Research Council dyspnoea score, body mass index and forced expiratory volume in 1 s on cohorts of all included patients stratified by pre-existing cardiovascular disease. “Severe major adverse cardiac events (MACE)” defined as lethal cardiovascular events, and cardiovascular events requiring revascularisation or hospitalisation; “any MACE” defined as a severe MACE or an event requiring a prescription of ADP receptor inhibitors or nitrates. #: statistical significance >0.95 by regression analysis.