Sociodemographic and exacerbation characteristics by COPD groups
| Variables | BE-COPD | TE-COPD | Total | p-value |
| Patients n | 75 | 135 | 210 | |
| Age, years | 76±11 | 73±9 | 74±10 | 0.004 |
| Female | 67 (89) | 48 (36) | 115 (55) | <0.001 |
| Rural residence | 29 (39) | 8 (6) | 37 (18) | <0.001 |
| Low socioeconomic status | 67 (89) | 83 (62) | 150 (71) | <0.001 |
| Low self-reported adherence to preventive measures | 28 (38) | 41 (31) | 69 (33) | 0.272 |
| Strict indoor isolation | 36 (30) | 28 (45) | 64 (35) | 0.035 |
| FEV1 % of predicted | 70±22 | 57±22 | 62±23 | <0.001 |
| 2019–2020 patients with exacerbations | 19 (25) | 37 (27) | 56 (27) | 0.745 |
| 2020–2021 patients with exacerbations | 13 (17) | 23 (17) | 36 (17) | 0.956 |
Data presented as mean±sd or n (%), unless otherwise stated. BE-COPD: COPD due to exposure to biomass smoke; TE-COPD: COPD due to exposure to tobacco smoke; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in the first second.