Patient characteristics
| RC versus TC | TC-noAPP versus TC-APP | |||||
| RC | TC | p-value | TC-noAPP | TC-APP | p-value | |
| Patients | 71 | 117 | 81 | 36 | ||
| Males | 48 (67.6%) | 80 (68.4%) | 1.000 | 57 (70.4%) | 23 (63.9%) | 0.631 |
| Age, years | 57.8±11.6 | 59.5±12.6 | 0.338 | 60.6±12.9 | 57.1±11.6 | 0.142 |
| Smoking exposure | 0.093 | 0.131 | ||||
| Never-smokers | 25 (35.2%) | 51 (43.6%) | 34 (42.0%) | 17 (47.2%) | ||
| Smokers | 17 (23.9%) | 36 (30.8%) | 22 (27.2%) | 14 (38.9%) | ||
| Former smokers | 29 (40.8%) | 30 (25.6%) | 25 (30.9%) | 5 (13.9%) | ||
| BMI, kg·m−2 | 36.6±9.63 | 34.8±7.21 | 0.181 | 34.9±7.05 | 34.7±7.66 | 0.884 |
| BMI category | 0.250 | 0.239 | ||||
| Normal or healthy weight | 2 (2.82%) | 7 (5.98%) | 3 (3.70%) | 4 (11.1%) | ||
| Overweight | 18 (25.4%) | 19 (16.2%) | 15 (18.5%) | 4 (11.1%) | ||
| Obese | 51 (71.8%) | 91 (77.8%) | 63 (77.8%) | 28 (77.8%) | ||
| Arterial hypertension | 44 (62.0%) | 67 (57.3%) | 0.629 | 48 (59.3%) | 19 (52.8%) | 0.652 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 16 (22.5%) | 25 (21.4%) | 0.995 | 18 (22.2%) | 7 (19.4%) | 0.925 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 32 (45.1%) | 45 (38.5%) | 0.459 | 32 (39.5%) | 13 (36.1%) | 0.887 |
| Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease | 4 (5.63%) | 2 (1.71%) | 0.201 | 1 (1.23%) | 1 (2.78%) | 0.523 |
| Kidney disease | 5 (7.04%) | 4 (3.42%) | 0.302 | 3 (3.70%) | 1 (2.78%) | 1.000 |
| Heart disease | 18 (25.4%) | 18 (15.4%) | 0.136 | 13 (16.0%) | 5 (13.9%) | 0.983 |
| Respiratory disease | 0.033 | 1.000 | ||||
| COPD | 5 (7.04%) | 10 (8.55%) | 7 (8.64%) | 3 (8.33%) | ||
| Asthma | 6 (8.45%) | 2 (1.71%) | 2 (2.47%) | 0 (0.00%) | ||
| Interstitial lung disease | 2 (2.82%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | ||
| Neurological disease | 6 (8.45%) | 9 (7.69%) | 1.000 | 8 (9.88%) | 1 (2.78%) | 0.271 |
| Hypothyroidism | 4 (5.63%) | 3 (2.56%) | 0.429 | 1 (1.23%) | 2 (5.56%) | 0.224 |
| Migraine | 0 (0.00%) | 4 (3.42%) | 0.299 | 3 (3.70%) | 1 (2.78%) | 1.000 |
| Fibromyalgia | 1 (1.41%) | 3 (2.56%) | 1.000 | 2 (2.47%) | 1 (2.78%) | 1.000 |
| Depression/anxiety | 7 (9.86%) | 17 (14.5%) | 0.481 | 14 (17.3%) | 3 (8.33%) | 0.325 |
| Malignant disease history | 5 (7.04%) | 2 (1.71%) | 0.106 | 2 (2.47%) | 0 (0.00%) | 1.000 |
| Educational level | 0.175 | 0.465 | ||||
| Reading and writing difficulties or no high school | 40 (58.0%) | 78 (69.0%) | 56 (71.8%) | 22 (62.9%) | ||
| High school and associated degree or college and graduate degree | 29 (42.0%) | 35 (31.0%) | 22 (28.2%) | 13 (37.1%) | ||
Data are presented as mean±sd unless otherwise stated. RC: retrospective cohort; TC: telemedicine cohort; TC-noAPP: telemedicine cohort not using smartphone application; TC-APP: telemedicine cohort using smartphone application; BMI: body mass index.