Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients according to outcome
| Alive | Dead | p-value | |
| Patients n | 201 | 80 | |
| Age years | 61 (51–72) | 80 (72–86) | <0.001 |
| Male/female n | 135/66 | 51/29 | 0.580 |
| Time from symptoms to hospital admission days | 7 (3–9) | 5 (3–8) | 0.456 |
| Time from hospital admission to CPAP days | 1 (0–3) | 1 (0–3) | 0.600 |
| PaO2/FIO2 before starting CPAP | 140 (105–183) | 103 (80–150) | <0.001 |
| Radiologic TSS | 11 (9–13) | 13 (11–18) | <0.001 |
| Procalcitonin ng·mL−1 | 0.14 (0.06–0.30) | 0.18 (0.07–0.31) | 0.986 |
| C-reactive protein mg·L−1 | 8 (3–13) | 11 (8–14) | 0.002 |
| Lymphocytes cells·mL−1 | 700 (500–970) | 740 (500–893) | 0.920 |
| Corticosteroids before hospital admission | 56 (28) | 13 (16) | 0.063 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | 2 (1–4) | 6 (4–7) | <0.001 |
| Obesity | 26 (13) | 9 (11) | 0.842 |
| Previous SARS-CoV-2 vaccination | 11 (5) | 7 (9) | 0.072 |
| Length of hospital stay days | 15 (11–24) | 13 (8–22) | 0.008 |
| Face mask/helmet n | 143/58 | 63/17 | 0.072 |
| Length of CPAP treatment days | 6 (5–9) | 7 (3–9) | 0.942 |
| Remdesivir | 130 (65) | 42 (5) | 0.057 |
| Anakinra | 51 (25) | 16 (20) | 0.438 |
| DNI | 61 (30) | 62 (77) | <0.001 |
| Full-code | 140 (70) | 18 (23) | <0.001 |
Data are median with interquartile range or number with percentage, unless otherwise stated. CPAP: continuous positive airway pressure; PaO2/FIO2: arterial oxygen tension to inspiratory oxygen fraction ratio; TSS: total severity score by CT visual quantitative evaluation of lung parenchyma; DNI: do-not-intubate order; full-code: no limitation of care.