Overview of digital delivery modes and content of pulmonary rehabilitation (PR)
| Videoconference, supervised, in groups | Mobile/tablet application plus telephone/chat support, individualised | Website, and possible query via website or phone/mail support (chat), individualised | Website with no support, individualised | |
| Studies | Cox, 2022 [24] (n=142) Hansen, 2020 [18] (n=134) Tsai, 2017 [21] (n=36) | Cerdán-de-las-Heras, 2021 [22] (n=29) Cerdán-de-las-Heras, 2021 [23] (n=54) Kwon, 2018 [19] (n=58) | Bourne, 2017 [16] (n=90) Chaplin, 2017 [17] (n=103) | Tabak, 2014 [20] (n=30) |
| Programme format | Primary PR 2–3 sessions per week 30–60 min per session 8–10 weeks Education themes [18, 24] | Primary PR 3–5 sessions per week 10–30 min per session 7–8 weeks Self-management web-modules [22, 23] | Primary PR 3–7 sessions per week Length of session not stated 6–8 weeks Self-management web-modules | Primary PR 7 sessions per week Length of session not stated 9 months Self-management web-modules |
| Technical skills | No technical level required [18] Required technical level [21] Not stated [24] | Knowledge of android OS | Required technical level | Required technical level |
| Exercise content: aerobic training | Stepping Major muscle group exercises Indoor cycling Walking programme | Walking programme Stepping | Calisthenics Walking programme | Calisthenics Pedometer |
| Exercise content: resistance training | Major muscle groups for upper and lower body and limbs | Upper- and lower-limb exercises | Upper- and lower-limb exercises | Upper- and lower-limb exercises |
| Equipment | Stationary bike Body weight Dumbbells Step box | Water bottles Body weight TheraBand Step box | Water bottles Body weight Dumbbells | Water bottles Body weight Pedometer Video-illustrated exercises |
| Monitoring during programme | Pulse oximeter Exercise diary BORG-CR10 Repetitions | Pulse oximeter | Registry of web-usage Milestone programme visualisation Exercise diary Visual analogue scale for intensity/difficulty BORG-CR10 | Accelerometer-based activity sensor |
| In-clinic assessments and outcomes | 6MWD 30secSTS ISWT ESWT CAT HADS EQ-5D CCQ CRQ PRAISE PA (steps per day) Adverse events Admission Mortality | 6MWD CRQ SGRQ GAD-7 PA | 6MWD ISWT ESWT CAT HADS SGRQ CRQ PRAISE EQ5D-5L BCKQ mMRC Adverse events | 6MWD CCQ MFI-20 EQ-5D MRC PA ED visit LOS |
OS: operating system; CR: category ratio; 6MWD: 6-min walk distance; 30secSTS: 30-s sit-to-stand; ISWT: incremental shuttle walk test; ESWT: endurance shuttle walk test; CAT: COPD Assessment Test; HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; EQ-5D: EuroQol 5-Dimension; CCQ: Clinical COPD Questionnaire; CRQ: Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire; PRAISE: PR Adapted Index of Self-Efficacy; PA: physical activity (steps per day); SGRQ: St George's Respiratory Questionnaire; GAD-7: General Anxiety Disorder-7; BCKQ: Bristol COPD Knowledge Questionnaire; mMRC: modified Medical Research Council dyspnoea score; MFI-20: Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory; ED: emergency department; LOS: length of stay.