Exercise responses at iso-time during constant work rate exercise pre- and post-training
| IMT | Control | Between | ||||
| Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Mean dif. | 95% CI | |
| Perceptual ratings | ||||||
| Dyspnoea, 0–10 scale | 7.4±2.0 | 5.1±3.0* | 7.4±2.1 | 7.6±2.4 | −2.6 | −5.7–0.6 |
| Leg effort, 0–10 scale | 7.1±1.7 | 6.1±2.9 | 5.2±4.1 | 5.0±3.8 | −0.8 | −3.2–1.6 |
| Breathing pattern | ||||||
| VʹE, L·min−1 | 52.4±21.2 | 53.5±22.6 | 69.0±38.1 | 66.4±36.5 | 3.8 | −3.4–11.0 |
| fB, breaths·min−1 | 34±12 | 30±11 | 33±18 | 28±15 | 2 | −6–10 |
| VT, L | 1.6±0.6 | 1.8±0.9 | 2.2±1.2 | 2.5±1.4 | 0 | −0.6–0.5 |
| Ti/Ttot, % | 45±15 | 46±15 | 45±25 | 47±26 | 0 | −6–6 |
| PEFR, L·s−1 | 2.6±1.0 | 2.7±1.1 | 3.4±1.9 | 3.2±1.7 | 0.2 | −0.3–0.7 |
| IC, L | 2.3±0.4 | 2.8±0.7** | 2.6±0.9 | 2.9±1.0* | 0.3 | −0.2–0.6 |
| Respiratory mechanics | ||||||
| Pes, cmH2O | −21±12 | −15±7* | −21±11 | −20±11 | 6 | −2–14 |
| Pga,av, cmH2O | −14±9 | −9±4* | −13±7 | −11±7 | 4 | −3–11 |
| Pdi,av, cmH2O | 7±5 | 6±4 | 8±5 | 9±7 | −2 | −6–2 |
| Pga,rise, cmH2O | 24±17 | 16±8* | 21±12 | 20±14 | −7 | −19–5 |
| EMGdi, % max | 60±25 | 54±24 | 67±9 | 60±5 | 2 | −7–11 |
| EMGscm, % max | 27±15 | 18±9 | 21±13 | 25±12 | −13* | −25–−1 |
| EMGsca, % max | 47±26 | 35±20 | 31±18 | 35±19 | −16 | −40–8 |
| Respiratory muscle tissue oxygenation | ||||||
| Δ StiO2,scm, % | −13.5±8.5 | −6.1±4.2* | −5.6±7.8 | −11.4±9.0 | 13.3* | 0.2±26.4 |
| Δ StiO2,sca, % | −6.9±2.8 | −8.4±5.8 | −6.4±5.9 | −8.2±10.6 | 0.3 | −11.0±11.6 |
| Δ StiO2,abd, % | −7.1±3.5 | −3.4±3.5* | −5.2±1.2 | −3.4±3.1 | 1.2 | −3.4±5.8 |
Values represent mean±standard deviation or mean difference and the lower to upper limit of the 95% confidence interval. Δ StiO2,abd: change in tissue oxygenation index of the rectus abdominus from rest to iso-time; Δ StiO2,sca: change in tissue oxygenation index of the scalene from rest to iso-time; Δ StiO2,scm: change in tissue oxygenation index of the sternocleidomastoid from rest to iso-time; fB: breathing frequency; EMGdi: electromyography of the diaphragm; EMGsca: electromyography of the scalene; EMGscm: electromyography of the sternocleidomastoid; IC: inspiratory capacity; PEFR: peak expiratory flow rate; Pdi,av: average transdiaphragmatic pressure during inspiration; Pes,av: average oesophageal pressure during inspiration; Pga,av: average gastric pressure during inspiration; Pga,rise, average increase in gastric pressure during expiration; Ti/Ttot: ratio of inspiratory time for one breath to total time of one breath; V′E: minute ventilation; VT: tidal volume. *: p<0.05; **: p<0.01.