Articles retrieved by the electronic search
| Study | Study design | Population | Controls | Median age | Median follow-up | Outcome | Results | Study quality assessment# |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Navaratnam et al. 2017 [24] | Retrospective cohort | 10 942 patients included in the electronic primary care data from the CPRD (UK) | 3 884 770 individuals included in the CPRD without BE | 47 years | 5.6 years | Cross-sectional analysis: existing diagnoses of CHD¶ and stroke+ prior to the index date Historical cohort analysis: first-time diagnoses of CHD and stroke after the index date were considered as incident events | Cross-sectional analysis: BE was associated with increased odds for CHD (OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.25–1.41), stroke (OR 1.92, 95% CI 1.85–2.01), angina (OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.24–1.43), CABG (OR 1.87, 95% CI 1.65–2.17) and MI (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.01–1.22) Historical cohort analysis: crude rates of first CHD event in people with and without BE were 6.6 per 1000 person-years (95% CI 5.9–7.5 per 1000 person-years) and 2.2 per 1000 person-years, respectively The adjusted HR was 1.44 (95% CI 1.27–1.63) The estimate was adjusted for sex, age, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia and family history of CVD | Selection: ★★★★ Comparability: ★★ Outcome: ★★★ |
| Chen et al. 2017 [25] | Retrospective cohort | 1295 patients retrieved from the NHI Research Database (Taiwan) | 6475 individuals, frequency-matched by age and sex, selected from the general population without BE | 62 years | 4.9 and 5.4 years for patients with BE and controls, respectively¶ | Incidence and risk of ischaemic stroke | Higher risk of ischaemic stroke in patients with BE as compared to controls (HR 1.74, 95% CI 1.28–2.35) The estimate was adjusted for age, sex and comorbidities | Selection: ★★★★ Comparability: ★★ Outcome: ★★★ |
| Evans et al. 2017 [26] | Retrospective cohort | 400 patients attending the BE service Edinburgh (UK) | None | 66 years | Not reported | Prevalence of CVD and risk factors | 45 patients (11.3%) developed vascular disease after the diagnosis of BE BSI was associated with increased odds of CVD (OR for scores 5–8: 3.92, 95% CI 1.21–12.71; OR for scores ≥9: 8.12, 95% CI 2.44–27.0) | Selection: ★★☆☆ Comparability: ☆☆ Outcome: ★★★ |
| Menéndez et al. 2017 [27] | Prospective cohort | 265 patients attending the specialised outpatient clinics of two tertiary care university hospitals, Spain | None | 68.4 years | 1 year | To evaluate factors associated with exacerbations requiring hospital admission | HF at baseline was associated with exacerbation requiring hospital admission (OR 5.47, 95% CI 1.36–37.23), while MI was not (OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.13–6.06) The estimates were adjusted for FACED score Similar estimates were obtained when adjusting for BSI | Selection: ★★★★ Comparability: ☆☆ Outcome: ☆☆☆ |
| Navaratnam et al. 2017 [24] | Retrospective cohort | 895 patients selected from a larger cohort of 26 518 individuals included in the electronic primary care data from the CPRD, who had both a first CV event and at least one RTI during the study observation period (UK) | Self-controlled cases | Age categories: <45 years: 16.3% 45–55 years: 12.7% 56–65 years: 20.9% 66–75 years: 27.7% >75 years: 22.4% | Incidence rate ratios of a first CV event evaluated at different time points up to 91 days after RTI | First record of a CV event, a composite outcome of first recorded diagnosis of MI or stroke | Compared to a baseline period (before RTI) the incidence rate ratios were: 2.39 (95% CI 1.21–5.62) during the first 3 days post RTI, 2.01 (1.22–2.78) 4–7 days after, 1.73 (1.09–2.13) 8–14 days after, 1.16 (0.77–2.19) 15–28 days after and 1.08 (0.69–1.53) 29–91 days after The estimates were adjusted for age and season | Selection: ★★★★ Comparability: ★★ Outcome: ★★★ |
| Hung et al. 2018 [28] | Retrospective cohort | 7156 patients included in the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2000, a national database comprising data of 1 million randomly selected beneficiaries of the NHI programme in 2000 (Taiwan) | 14 084 individuals without BE, selected from the general population and frequency-matched according to sex, age and entry year | 63.3 years | 2.4 person-years for patients with BE and 5.2 person-years among controls§ | The primary outcome was an ACS event | ACS incidence was higher in the BE cohort than in the comparison cohort (13.49 versus 9.07 per 1000 person-years) Adjusted HR 1.40 (95% CI 1.20–1.61) The estimate was adjusted for age, sex and comorbidities | Selection: ★★★★ Comparability: ★★ Outcome: ★★★ |
| Chen et al. 2020 [29] | Retrospective cohort | 603 inpatients diagnosed with BE in the Affiliated Yancheng Hospital of Southeast University Medical College (Jiangsu, China) | None | 62 years among patients without CV comorbidities and 65.4 years among patients with CV comorbidities | Prevalence of CV comorbidities was evaluated only at baseline | CV comorbidity was defined as a composite outcome of having a history of CHD (ACS, chronic coronary artery disease), cerebrovascular events (including ischaemic stroke, haemorrhagic stroke or TIA), PAD or HF | 199 patients (33.0%) had a history of CV event Main CV event registered: ACS: 81 (13.4%), CAD: 23 (3.8%), ischaemic stroke: 37 (6.1%), haemorrhagic stroke: 8 (1.3%), TIA: 58 (9.6%), PAD: 24 (4.0%), HF: 29 (4.8%) | Selection: ★★☆☆ Comparability: ☆☆ Outcome: ★☆☆ |
| Huang et al. 2020 [21] | Longitudinal cohort | 433 patients | None | 67 years | 61.4 months per participant | All-cause and CV mortality | Increasing serum desmosine concentrations were associated with increasing all-cause mortality (HR 2.30, 95% CI 1.85–2.84; p<0.0001) Serum desmosine was associated with increased cardiovascular mortality (HR 2.21, sd 95% CI 1.60–3.05; p<0.0001) | Selection: ★★★ Comparability: ☆☆ Outcome: ★☆☆ |
| Méndez et al. 2022 [30] | Post hoc retrospective analysis of a prospective observational study | 250 patients enrolled at two tertiary care hospitals (Spain) | None | 72 years | 35 months | CV events were defined as any ACS, new or worsening HF, new or recurrent arrhythmia requiring hospital admission or emergency department care, or cerebrovascular accident (stroke or TIA) | 74 patients (29.6%) had a CV event | Selection: ★★ Comparability: ☆☆ Outcome: ★★★ |
ACS: acute coronary syndrome (defined as acute MI or unstable angina); BE: bronchiectasis; CAD: coronary artery disease; CHD: coronary heart disease; CI: confidence interval; CABG: coronary artery bypass graft; CPRD: Clinical Practice Research Datalink; CVD: cardiovascular disease; CV: cardiovascular; HF: heart failure; MI: myocardial infarction; NHI: National Health Insurance; OR: odds ratio; PAD: peripheral artery disease; RTI: respiratory tract infection; TIA: transient ischaemic attack. #: studies were evaluated used the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, which is based on a “star system” in which a study is judged on three perspectives: the selection of the study groups (maximum of four stars), the comparability of the groups (maximum of two stars) and the ascertainment of the outcome of interest (maximum of three stars). Each star awarded to a study is represented by a filled star, and the total of filled and unfilled stars indicates the maximum stars attainable in each domain; ¶: CHD was a composite outcome of having at least one recorded diagnosis of angina (including unstable angina), MI or CABG; +: stroke included ischaemic or haemorrhagic stroke, transient ischaemic attack and subarachnoid haemorrhage; §: computed from table 2 of the original manuscript by dividing the person-years by the number of patients.